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Ítem COVID and ICT in primary education: challenges faced by teachers in the Basque Country(MDPI, 2022-08-22) Paños Castro, Jessica; Arruti, Arantza ; Korres, OihaneThis article focuses on the digital competency of primary school teachers in the Basque Country Autonomous Region (Spain) during the COVID-19 pandemic. The temporary closure of schools forced teachers to adapt face-to-face teaching-learning processes in order to operate remotely, making use of technology infrastructure and digital resources. While several educational policies have been developed with the aim of incorporating Information and Communication Technologies into schools, including the “Escuela 2.0” programme, research has shown that there is a lack of Information and Communication Technology training for teachers. The main objective of this study is to further understand the challenges faced by primary school teachers in adapting to remote teaching due to the COVID-19 during stay-at-home lockdown restrictions. An ad hoc quantitative questionnaire was used, which was validated in a trial by eight experts. A total of 1069 primary school teachers participated in the survey. The main results show the participants’ emphasis on their effort to reorganise and redesign subjects and their willingness to make use of information and communication technology infrastructure and resources. However, a high percentage of teachers reported that either they lacked information and communication technology training or considered themselves self-taught in these skills, and expressed interest in lifelong learning programmes in Google Classroom, Google Sites and Google Meet applications, among others.Ítem A preventive intervention to reduce risk of online grooming among adolescents(Colegio Oficial de la Psicología de Madrid, 2022-06-24) Calvete Zumalde, Esther ; Orue Sola, Izaskun; Gámez Guadix, ManuelSexual abuse of adolescents by adults on the Internet is a severe risk with negative consequences for the victims. However, there is an important gap in the development of preventive interventions to address this problem. This study evaluated the efficacy of a brief (less than one hour) educational intervention on online grooming (less than one hour) in reducing adolescents’ sexual interaction behaviors with adults when they are sexually solicited. A sample of 856 Spanish adolescents (48% girls, ages 11-17 years) was randomized into two intervention conditions (educational intervention about online grooming and a resilience control intervention). Adolescents completed measures of online sexual solicitation by adults and sexualized interactions with adults at pretest and at three- and six-month follow-ups. Measures of their knowledge about online grooming were taken at pretest, postintervention, and at three- and six-month follow-ups. The results of multilevel analyses indicated that the intervention reduced sexualized interactions when adolescents were sexually solicited by adults (β = -.16, SD = .07, t = -2.44, p = .015). Moreover, the intervention increased adolescents’ knowledge about online grooming over time (β = 1.95, SD = .19, t = 10.52, p < .001). These findings suggest that a brief educational intervention about online grooming may be a promising, low-cost intervention to reduce the risks of sexual abuse on the Internet.Ítem Acogida e integración de personas refugiadas: una mirada desde los documentales(Kontu laborategia: contar en la investigación de frontera, 2022-09-28) Vicente Torrado, Trinidad Lourdes ; La Spina, Encarnación; Urrutia Asua, GorkaEn los últimos años, especialmente a partir de la mal llamada «crisis de los refugiados», los documentales se han convertido en un vehículo primordial para analizar la realidad de las personas refugiadas llegadas a Europa, y también para sensibilizar sobre las causas y el drama del exilio, así como en torno a los problemas derivados de estas migraciones forzadas en sus diferentes fases. Poniendo la mirada sobre los diferentes escenarios migratorios (la salida, el tránsito y el destino), diversos documentales, con enfoques distintos, tratan de reflejar la experiencia migratoria de estas personas refugiadas, así como la reacción política y social de cada lugar de destino. En este contexto, este artículo se centra en el análisis de cuatro documentales producidos en España e Italia —«Memorias del refugio», «Ongi Etorri», «La porta di casa. Storie e numeri di (stra)ordinaria accoglienza» y «Rotta balcanica. Ultima fermata»—, poniendo el foco en la acogida y la integración de las personas refugiadas: uno de los retos migratorios que ha tenido una proyección más contenida y dispar en el formato documental. Una mirada que nos permite reflexionar en clave socio-crítica cómo un modelo de acogida sin integración en derechos solo entraña una aceptación resignada o tolerada «del otro», percibido como una continua amenaza al bienestar general, negando por tanto espacios de convivencia e igualdad.Ítem Caracterización articulatoria de las fricativas sibilantes alveolares del euskera: segunda parte(CSIC Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, 2023-06-29) Iribar Ibabe, Alexander; Pagola Petrirena, Rosa Miren; Túrrez Aguirrezábal, ItziarSe presenta la segunda parte de un análisis articulatorio de las dos fricativas sibilantes alveolares del euskera (z) y (s), realizado a partir de quince colecciones de imágenes de resonancia magnética en 2D y 3D (cf. Iribar, Pagola y Túrrez, 2020). Mediante la aplicación de un conjunto de parámetros fonéticos, cualitativos y cuantitativos, se identifican dos modelos articulatorios para (z) y tres para (s), y se examinan los procedimientos utilizados para su distinción. Los modelos principales son: dentoalveolar dorsal para (z) y apicoalveolar para (s).Ítem Vulnerabilities in the face of the health crisis the impact of COVID-19 on the educational experiences of girls and adolescents in situations of neglect(Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona = Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Departament de Sociologia, Servicio de Publicaciones = Servei de Publicacions, 2023-05-03) González Goya, Edurne; Izaguirre Choperena, Ainhoa; Arrieta, FelixThis article is the result of a research process within the Resistiré project, which evaluates the responses to the COVID crisis in social policy processes in several European countries. This study has taken into account the experience of girls and adolescents in situations of neglect in the circumstances that have surrounded their educational processes and their academic reality in the COVID period. Situations of neglect in childhood are those that affect the normal personal, social and material development of minors, generating situations of high vulnerability that imply the need to activate alternative protection measures that guarantee the subjective right of every child and adolescent. Thought should be given to the special relevance that the health crisis has had on the reality of these girls and adolescents whose legal guardians —affected by particular life situations— have been able to suffer in an aggravated manner in the face of a reality that previously constituted a highly vulnerable situation. The article focuses on the reality of girls and adolescents in the Basque Country (Spain). For this purpose, and through the access to their narratives, the particularity of their vital conditions is identified, showing their high resilient capacity, as well as the difficulties, alternatives and capacities developed to face adversity.Ítem Identidades desplazadas a través de la imagen documental: aproximaciones desde el contexto europeo(Kontu laborategia. Contar en la investigación de frontera, 2022-09-28) Bayón, Fernando; Rodríguez Pérez, María PilarEste texto presenta el número monográfico "Migrantes y refugiados. Enfoques sociopolíticos y visuales en el documental contemporáneo". Las diversas experiencias migratorias están configurando nuevas formas de pertenencia y de reconfiguración de la identidad en el contexto internacional. Los artículos de este número se circunscriben al contexto europeo, y tienen como objetivo dar cuenta de la especificidad de este continente desde tres dimensiones principales: la revisión crítica de los tópicos en torno a la migración, el análisis del impacto de los itinerarios de los migrantes y/o refugiados sobre los espacios de acogida, y las nuevas formas de construcción de visibilidad social para las subjetividades desplazadas. Estos ejes son explorados desde diversas películas documentales que invitan a reflexionar sobre los desafíos éticos, sociopolíticos y estéticos de un arte producido como testimonio de personas desplazadas y exiliadas. Los enfoques documentales de la experiencia de migrantes y refugiados pueden contribuir a mejorar la investigación, el discurso teórico y las prácticas del activismo académico. El número cuenta con las contribuciones de Isolina Ballesteros; Mar Binimelis-Adell y Miguel Fernández Labayen; David Coury; Trinidad Vicente-Torrado, Encarnación la Spina y Gorka Urrutia; Concepción Maiztegui, Eztizen Esesumaga e Itziar Gandarias; María Marcos y Pablo Castro de Castro; y Miren Gutiérrez. A esto se suman, en la sección Papeles Críticos, los trabajos de María Pilar Rodríguez, María Marcos y Fernando Bayón.Ítem Exploring a dialogic approach in tackling psychotic diseases: a systematic review(Servicio de Publicaciones, Universidad de Murcia, 2022-08-27) Fernández Villardón, Aitana ; García Carrión, Rocío ; Racionero-Plaza, SandraPsychosis is a severe mental disorder traditionally treated from a purely biological approach, which often has led to a dehumanisation in psychiatric hospitals. To counteract this trend and aiming at tackling the disease with a more human approach, psychosocial interventions have increased. In this vein, interventions based on a dialogic approach, with specific features such as egalitarian dialogue, foster psychological and social transformations in different contexts. This review aims to analyse the clinical and social effects of psychological interventions based on these principles when treating patients with psychosis. A systematic review has been carried out, following PRISMA recommendations, in the Web of Science, Scopus and PsycInfo databases. After applying the inclusion criteria, thirteen empirical studies were selected and analysed, including a quality assessment. These studies show that when introducing a dialogic approach in treating psychosis, positive clinical and relational outcomes are obtained. Likewise, patients value positively these collaborative environments, where they feel listened and understood. Whereas dialogism emerges as a tool with potential benefits to tackle psychosis, more studies are needed to clearer determine the influence of specific dialogic features on improving psychotic patients’ mental health.Ítem Internal crack formation in cross wedge rolling: fundamentals and rolling methods(Elsevier Ltd, 2022-06-18) Bulzak, Tomasz ; Pater, Zbigniew; Tomczak, Janusz; Wójcik, Łukasz; Murillo Marrodán, AlbertoMaterial fracture is a serious problem in cross wedge rolling (CWR). Finding new solutions for material fracture prevention in CWR processes presents a technological challenge for researchers these days. This paper presents a new approach to the problem of material fracture, which investigates a not previously undertaken aspect concerning the influence of the cross wedge rolling method on the development of internal cracks. CWR rolling methods in which two tools are used (two flat wedges, two roll wedges, roll wedge-concave segment, two concave wedges) were analysed. In addition, the effect of the number of moving tools on material fracture in CWR is investigated. Material fracture is predicted by a novel hybrid fracture criterion. In this paper, FE simulations were used to determine the value of the hybrid fracture criterion. Experimental studies were used to validate the built numerical model. The conducted research has shown that with the increase in the ovalization of the cross-section of the rolled forging, which depends on the rolling method and the number of moving tools, the degree of damage to the forging increases. The highest degree of damage occurs during the flat wedge rolling method, in which only one wedge is moving. The lowest degree of damage occurs when rolling with two moving concave wedges. The most important conclusion of the study is that changing the rolling scheme from the least favourable to the most favourable one allows to reduce the degree of forgings damage twice.Ítem Qualitative assessment of a challenge-based learning and teamwork applied in electronics program(Elsevier Ltd, 2023-12) Romero Yesa, Susana; Fonseca Escudero, David; Aláez, Marian ; Amo Filvà, DanielEvery student of industrial technology engineering must develop and acquire specific electronic competencies and skills, such as those pertaining to the design, analysis, and assembly of basic circuits in the context of both analogue and digital electronics, including the corresponding instrumentation. Additionally, as is the case for practically all university degrees but has not always been addressed adequately in the field of engineering, generic competencies such as oral communication and teamwork must be acquired. The experience discussed in the article focuses on the design, implementation, and assessment of a hybrid (face-to-face and virtual) educational activity that facilitates the acquisition of specific engineering skills through a teamwork-based approach and enhances communication among students in the context of experimentation. The students, who are divided into teams, must develop a series of embedded systems with the aim of providing a solution to a problem derived from Sustainable Development Goal 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities. This approach entails the challenge of working with a heterogeneous sample of students studying for a dual degree in design and mechanics, whose motivations are also highly varied. The innovative objective of the educational proposal focuses on adapting the practice to the roles and profiles of the students and tailoring project phases to the competency needs of each student. The results highlight the need to design real practices that foster the motivation of engineering students; they also emphasize the fact that in the context of teamwork, roles pertaining to the specific competencies required by dual-degree students should be defined. The evaluation of such an experiment using the Bipolar Laddering Assessment has exhibited utility and reliability regarding small samples of users and has been shown to be valid regarding identifying the strengths and weaknesses of educational experiments.Ítem Humanized computing for higher collaboration and reciprocal learning between machines and people(Sociedad de Estudios Vascos = Eusko Ikaskuntza, 2023) López de Ipiña González de Artaza, Diego; Casado Mansilla, Diego; Puerta Beldarrain, Maite; Gómez Carmona, OihaneLan honek bi ikuspegi soziotekniko aztertzen ditu teknologia digitalak erabiltzen dituzten komunitate adimendunak egiteko, makinen eta pertsonen arteko elkarrekiko ikaskuntza ahalbidetuko duen lankidetza handiagoa lortzeko. Alde batetik, koprodukzioak jokabide-aldaketa sustatzen du, herritarrak kodiseinuko eta baterako diseinuko prozesuan ahaldunduz, erabiltzailean oinarritutako irtenbideak diseinatuz, tokiko ezagutza aprobetxatuz, lankidetza sustatuz eta gaitasunen garapena erraztuz. Bestalde, herritarren zientziak jokabide-aldaketa eragin eta ahalbidetu dezake, komunitatearentzako ekintza jasangarriagoak, arduratsuagoak eta orientatuagoak egiteko, kontzientziazioa, komunitatearen gaikuntza eta lankidetza sustatuz. Lan honen arabera, bi ikuspegi horiek lagun diezagukete aurrera egiten, gizakiak beti begiztan sartuko dituen informatika-belaunaldi berri baterantz, hau da, informatika humanizaturantz.Ítem Large techno social systems emergence of social welfare techno systems: summary(Sociedad de Estudios Vascos = Eusko Ikaskuntza, 2023) Basabe Desmonts, Lourdes; Zabala Iturriagagoitia, Jon MikelÍtem Navigating the pandemic Gendered perspectives on vulnerability, resilience and institutional change in times of crisis(Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona = Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Departament de Sociologia, Servicio de Publicaciones = Servei de Publicacions, 2023-07-13) López Belloso, María; Strid, SofiaThe COVID-19 pandemic has been a multifaceted crisis, impacting health, the economy, policy and society at large, and also resulting in a humanitarian crisis. These crises have impacted everyone, although the effects have been unevenly distributed, leading to further disadvantage and marginalisation for those who were already vulnerable and marginalised. The pandemic laid bare and intensified pre-existing gender inequalities in many aspects of life, from the labor market and educational opportunities to health and social protection systems. The unequal impacts on women and men have been observed in the economy and employment, in domestic work and care, in physical and mental health, and in violence. The collection of articles in this special issue critically interrogates these key issues relating to the impact of the pandemic on gender equality in Europe, highlighting exacerbated gender inequalities, policy responses and the potential for a gender-responsive recovery. This special issue brings together a collection of eight articles that investigate various aspects of gender inequality exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic, and that explore potential pathways towards achieving greater gender equality in the post-pandemic world. They summarise the findings and contributions of several social scientists and also of two EU funded projects: RESISTIRÉ (GA 101015990) and GEARING Roles (GA 824536). The articles are structured around five main themes: labor market disparities, education and skill development, social and political responses, post-pandemic opportunities, and care. Each article contributes unique insights, empirical findings and policy recommendations from a feminist perspective to enrich the ongoing discourse on gender equality. Together, the articles show the necessity of feminist analysis of crisis, and reveal the structural roots of inequalities while simultaneously emphasising the necessity for transformative action to address inequalities.Ítem Supporting children's friendship stability in a culturally diverse school with a dialogic approach: a case study(Elsevier Ltd, 2023-08) Khalfaoui Larrañaga, Andrea; García Carrión, Rocío ; Anabo, Icy F.Children's competence to establish and maintain meaningful peer relationships is essential in Early Childhood Education. This capacity, known as friendship stability, has recently attracted researchers' attention due to its implications for high-quality friendships. This is crucial in the early years because stable friendship ties are associated with positive academic results and prosocial behavior. However, research shows that friends made in Early Childhood Education are rarely maintained during elementary school, and culturally diverse contexts present a more challenging scenario for making these friends last. This case study explores this phenomenon in a culturally diverse school or, by analyzing classroom observations (n = 20, 5 years old) and carrying out two discussion groups (n = 30, 7–9 years-old). Results reveal that fostering dialogic learning in the classroom and a culture of non-violence facilitate children's friendship stability in a culturally diverse context.Ítem Open eco-innovation: aligning cooperation and external knowledge with the levels of eco-innovation radicalness(Elsevier B.V., 2023-06) Chistov, Valery ; Carrillo Hermosilla, Javier; Aramburu Goya, NekaneThe most pressing environmental challenges of our society require radical solutions that would redesign the ways we produce, deliver, and consume goods and services. However, little is known about what actually drives the development of radical eco-innovations. This paper explores the concept of Open Eco-innovation (OEI), an innovation model that leverages external knowledge, resources, and partnerships to enhance internal eco-innovation. Based on the sample of 2 934 Spanish firms from a mixed variety of industries, we demonstrate that an open innovation approach is crucial when firms pursue eco-innovations, particularly when aiming for more radical solutions. Unlike other studies, we show that this importance varies depending on the forms of opening (cooperation vs. sourcing external knowledge), the choice of knowledge partners, and the intended level of eco-innovation radicalness. This paper addresses a gap in understanding the selection of appropriate forms of knowledge sourcing and the choice of knowledge partners for each level of eco-innovation radicalness. Our results also point to a potential mismatch between the importance of open innovation to develop impactful and innovative environmental solutions and a small percentage of organizations adopting this innovation approach.Ítem Location based indoor and outdoor lightweight activity recognition system(MDPI, 2022-01-25) Bilbao Jayo, Aritz ; Cantero López, Xabier; Almeida, Aitor ; Fasano, Luca; Montanaro, Teodoro; Sergi, Ilaria; Patrono, LuigiIn intelligent environments one of the most relevant information that can be gathered about users is their location. Their position can be easily captured without the need for a large infrastructure through devices such as smartphones or smartwatches that we easily carry around in our daily life, providing new opportunities and services in the field of pervasive computing and sensing. Location data can be very useful to infer additional information in some cases such as elderly or sick care, where inferring additional information such as the activities or types of activities they perform can provide daily indicators about their behavior and habits. To do so, we present a system able to infer user activities in indoor and outdoor environments using Global Positioning System (GPS) data together with open data sources such as OpenStreetMaps (OSM) to analyse the user’s daily activities, requiring a minimal infrastructure.Ítem Design and validation of a novel tool to assess citizens’ netiquette and information and data literacy using interactive simulations(MDPI, 2022-03-14) Bartolomé Boloix, Juan Carlos; Garaizar, PabloUntil recently, most of the digital literacy frameworks have been based on assessment frameworks used by commercial entities. The release of the DigComp framework has allowed the development of tailored implementations for the evaluation of digital competence. However, the majority of these digital literacy frameworks are based on self-assessments, measuring only low-order cognitive skills. This paper reports on a study to develop and validate an assessment instrument, including interactive simulations to assess citizens’ digital competence. These formats are particularly important for the evaluation of complex cognitive constructs such as digital competence. Additionally, we selected two different approaches for designing the tests based on their scope, at the competence or competence area level. Their overall and dimensional validity and reliability were analysed. We summarise the issues addressed in each phase and key points to consider in new implementations. For both approaches, items present satisfactory difficulty and discrimination indicators. Validity was ensured through expert validation, and the Rasch analysis revealed good EAP/PV reliabilities. Therefore, the tests have sound psychometric properties that make them reliable and valid instruments for measuring digital competence. This paper contributes to an increasing number of tools designed to evaluate digital competence and highlights the necessity of measuring higher-order cognitive skills.Ítem The impact of female role models leading a group mentoring program to promote STEM vocations among young girls(MDPI, 2022-01-26) Guenaga Gómez, Mariluz; Eguíluz, Andoni; Garaizar, Pablo; Mimenza Aurrekoetxea, AnderFrom an early age, girls disregard studies related to science, technology, engineering, or mathematics (STEM), and this means that a gender gap begins during secondary education and continues to increase over time. Multiple causes have been identified for this phenomenon in the literature, and numerous initiatives are being carried out to reverse this situation. In this paper, we analyze the impact that a group mentoring initiative led by a female STEM role model had on the young people who participated and whether the impact was different based on their sex. We ana-lyzed how these mentoring sessions affected their attitudes towards technology, mathematical self-efficacy, gender stereotypes, science and technology references, and career vocations. To this end, 303 students between the ages of 10 and 12 years old from 10 schools in Spain participated in the six sessions comprising the program and completed a series of questionnaires before and after partici-pating. The results show that the program had an impact on the students’ attitudes towards tech-nology, increased the number of female STEM references they knew, and improved their opinions of vocations and professions related to science and technology. The impact was greater among girls, although in aspects such as attitudes towards technology, the female participants still demonstrated lower values than boys. The program did not improve the stereotypes that the young participants had about mathematical self-efficacy, which was also always lower among girls. We conclude that the lack of STEM vocations among girls is rooted in multiple social, educational, and personal aspects that need to be addressed from a very early age and that should involve multiple agents.Ítem Effects of partial-contact tool tilt angle on friction stir welded AA1050 aluminum joint properties.(MDPI, 2023-05-31) Abdullah, Mahmoud E.; Rohim, M. Nafea M. ; Mohammed, Moustafa M. ; Derazkola, Hamed AghajaniThis study aims to investigate the impact of partial-contact tool tilt angle (TTA) on the mechanical and microstructure properties of the AA1050 alloy friction stir weld (FSW). Three levels of partial-contact TTA were tested, 0°, 1.5°, and 3°, compared to previous studies on total-contact TTA. The weldments were evaluated using surface roughness, tensile tests, microhardness, microstructure, and fracture analysis. The results show that in partial-contact conditions, increasing TTA decreases the generated heat in the joint line and increases the possibility of FSW tool wear. This trend was the opposite of joints that were friction stir welded via total-contact TTA. The microstructure of the FSW sample was finer at higher partial-contact TTA, while the possibility of defect formation at the root of the stir zone in higher TTA was more than in lower TTA. The robust sample prepared at 0° TTA had 45% of AA1050 alloy strength. The maximum recorded heat in 0° TTA was 336 °C and the ultimate tensile strength of this sample was 33 MPa. The elongation of the 0° TTA welded sample was 75% base metal, and the average hardness of the stir zone was 25 Hv. The fracture surface analysis of the 0° TTA welded sample consisted of a small dimple, indicating the brittle fracture mode.Ítem The role of IoT devices in sustainable car expenses in the context of the intelligent mobility: a comparative approach(MDPI, 2022-01-20) Goikoetxea Gonzalez, Javier ; Casado Mansilla, Diego; López de Ipiña González de Artaza, DiegoConnected cars have often been defined as vehicles that can provide some services and information without human intervention. Several scholars have examined the factors that promote the purchase or adoption of such augmented vehicles. However, little emphasis has been placed on the determinants for reducing car expenditures when a driver owns a car with an Internet of Things (IoT) device or a smart assistant in the context of smart mobility. Therefore, this article analyzes whether emerging technology such as IoT plays a key factor for a driver concerning the expenses related to the car (e.g., insurance, maintenance, and repairs). To this extent, a methodology based on exploratory (i) and confirmatory analysis (ii) was carried out. The authors initially conducted an exploratory phase by means of a Delphi method in which a group of vehicle experts (n = 25) were recruited to give their opinions and reach an agreement defining the determinants that they believed affected vehicle expenditures the most. Secondly, and taking into consideration that the salient determinant from the Delphi method was the use of technology and the warnings and alerts it triggers, a questionnaire was delivered to 556 drivers to analyze the everyday spending on their cars. Specifically, the survey aimed to compare the responses of people who own connected cars or have any kind of built-in IoT infrastructure (n = 302) with those of people with non-connected cars (n = 254). The main conclusion obtained for this latter approach was that drivers with a connected car have remarkably lower car expenses than those driving a conventional car.Ítem Effects of a physical exercise intervention on pain in workplaces: a case study(MDPI, 2022-01-25) Río de Frutos, Xabier; Sáez Gómez de Cadiñanos, Iker ; González Bravo, Javier; Besga Otxoa, Angel ; Santano Morentin, Eneko; Ruiz de Alegría, Natxo; Solabarrieta, Josu; Coca Núñez, AitorInterventions that promote physical activity and healthy habits in workplaces have proven to be effective in reducing risk factors associated with numerous pathologies. This study examines the effects of an individualized physical exercise program that lasts five minutes for 30 working days on the perceived pain of workers, as well as analyzing adherence to it within workplaces. Data were collected through a visual analog scale of 1–10 of the perception of pain by anatomical areas, and, thus, we could observe variations in the perceived pain of workers through a program of five individualized exercises for one minute each based on the analysis of the worker and the job position. Significant differences were observed in three of the four centers analyzed (1: p = 0.006; 2: p = 0.009; 3: p = 0.000; 4: p = 0.791). A five-minute exercise program in the work environment appears to be an effective tool in terms of time and an improvement in workers’ perception of pain.