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Ítem Improving membranous urethral length measurements on prostate MRI: a comparison of online training methods(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2026-08) Goedegebuure, Elisabeth P.; Boellaard, T.N.; van Dijk-de Haan, M.C.; Heijmink, S.W.T.P.J.; Hagens, M.J.; Tissier, R.; van Griethuysen, J.J.M.; Khmelinkskii, A.; Beets-Tan, R.G.H.; Schoots, I.G.; Lambregts, D.M.J.; Zerunian, M.; Withey, S.; de Wit, B.W.K.; van Westerveld, P.P.; Weimar, E.A.M.; de Walle, S.F.; Voogt, M.J.; Vesel, M.; Verhoeff, E.; Vennix, S.; Vainak, N.; Ursprung, S.; Turgut, A.Ç.; Tol, S.; Tiidermann, M.; Terra, C.; Tapia Proaño, M.J.; van Stiphout, R.S.A.; Stanzione, A.; Somers, I.; Somasundaram, A.; Solak, E.P.; Smit, R.S.; Silva, M.C.; Šifer, K.K.; Shakur, A.; Schouten, L.J.; Salvador Izquierdo, Rafael; Reinhard, R.; Ramselaar, A.; Raat, H.P.J.; Ponsiglione, A.; van Oudheusden, T.; van Oorschot, N.; Onit, R.-D.; Ocantos, J.A.; Obmann, V.C.; Noordmans, J.; Nederend, J.; Moreira, A.S.L.; Minis-Rutten, I.; de Mello Ando, S.; Matic, V.; Masci, B.; Mannacio, L.; Manganaro, P.M.J.; Mai C.; Lorea, M.; Lee, K.-L.; Kobus, C.; van Kelckhoven, B.-J.; Kasap, H.; Hernández-Mancera, J.; Hanrath-Vos, E.; Groote, M.E.; Gonçalves, M.L.R.R.; Girometti, R.; Geetha Virupakshappa, A.K.; Geenen, R.W.F.; Gaudiano, C.; García-Gil García, J.C.; García Baizán, Alejandra ; Garbajs, M.; Franco, P.N.; Forte, V.; Falińska, H.; Durmaz, S.; Duczkowska, M.; De Visschere, P.; Cuocolo, R.; Di Costanzo, G.; Chen, D.Z.; Caglic, I.; Bruining, A.; Brembilla, G.; Barrett, T.; Baerveldt, R.C.; Avesani, G.; Arita, Y.; Álvarez-Hornia Pérez, Eduardo ; Agrotis, G.Objectives: This study compared three online training methods to enhance diagnostic performance, reader confidence, and interreader agreement in membranous urethral length (MUL) measurements. Materials and methods: Ninety-nine study participants were asked to measure the MUL on 20 test cases at the start of the study and rated their confidence level. Participants were then divided semi-randomly into three training groups: Group A (written instructions), Group B (1-month self-study program with case feedback using a dedicated web platform), and Group C (1-day online expert-led case-based training). Groups B and C worked through an identical set of 40 cases. One week after completing training, participants evaluated the same 20 test cases. Diagnostic performance (using expert reference standard), interreader agreement (intraclass correlation coefficient, ICC), and reader confidence levels were compared before and after training. Participants completed a questionnaire evaluating their perceptions of the training. Results: Eighty-one participants (82%) completed the study. All groups demonstrated significant improvements in diagnostic performance and confidence (p < 0.001), with similar outcomes across training groups. Interreader agreement improved from ICC 0.52–0.56 pre-training to 0.74–0.80 post-training. Questionnaire responses indicated most found the training appropriate; however, 17% of Group A felt it was insufficient, while 30–35% of Group C found the expert-led training too time-consuming. Conclusion: All training methods—ranging from minimal, with written instructions only, to more comprehensive case-based programs—effectively improved diagnostic performance, reader confidence and interreader agreement for MUL measurements on prostate MRI. Independent online training offers practical advantages over more time-demanding hands-on sessions, supporting broader clinical implementation of MUL-based individualized continence prediction. Key Points: Question Which method of online training is most effective to train radiologists in measuring the membranous urethral length (MUL) on prostate MRI? Findings 81 radiologists showed significant gains in diagnostic performance, confidence and interreader agreement, with similar results after written instructions, case-based self-study, or hands-on expert-led training. Clinical relevance Enhanced accuracy and interreader consistency achieved through online training can facilitate wider clinical adoption of MUL-based continence prediction, strengthening patient counseling and shared decision making in prostate cancer management.Ítem Evaluation of the effectiveness and safety of anti-CGRP monoclonal antibodies in patients with migraine and autoimmune diseases: IMMUNO-CGRP study(John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2026-06) García Castillo, María ; Sierra-Mencía, Álvaro; Caronna, Edoardo ; Toledo-Alfocea, Daniel ; Jaimes, Alex; Urtiaga, Sarai; Casas-Limón, Javier ; Muñoz-Vendrell, Albert ; Santos Lasaosa, Sonia; García Martín, Valvanuz ; Martín Ávila, Guillermo; Polanco, Marcos; Villar-Martínez, María Dolores; Trevino-Peinado, Cristina; Rubio-Flores, Laura; Sánchez Soblechero, A; Portocarrero Sánchez, Leonardo; Luque-Buzo, Elisa; Lozano Ros, Alberto; Gago Veiga, Ana Beatriz; Díaz de Terán, Javier; Recio García, Andrea; Canales Rodríguez, Javiera; Gómez García, Andrea; González Salaices, Marta ; Campoy, Sergio; Mínguez Olaondo, Ane; Maniataki, Stefania; González-Quintanilla, Vicente; Porta-Etessam, Jesús; Cuadrado, María Luz; Guerrero Peral, Ángel Luis; Pozo Rosich, Patricia; Rodríguez Vico, Jaime; Huerta Villanueva, Mariano; Pascual, Julio; Goadsby, Peter J.; González Martínez, AliciaObjective: This study aimed to evaluate demographic characteristics, treatment effectiveness, and safety outcomes in patients with migraine undergoing anti-calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) treatments regarding the presence of autoimmune diseases. Background: CGRP has an important role in migraine pathophysiology through neuronal modulation in the trigeminovascular nociceptive system and activation of neuro-inflammatory cascades. We hypothesized that autoimmune diseases may influence treatment response and safety profiles in patients with migraine treated with anti-CGRP treatments. Methods: This was a retrospective multicenter, age- and sex-matched cohort study in headache units/headache clinics in Spain and United Kingdom between May 2024 and May 2025 including patients treated with CGRP monoclonal antibodies from prospectively collected cohorts. Patients were assessed for demographics, migraine-related characteristics, treatment effectiveness (monthly migraine days [MMD] and/or monthly headache days [MHD]), and safety outcomes. The main outcome was the effectiveness measured by ≥50% response rate in MMD between the two groups. Secondary outcomes included other effectiveness measurements regarding the number of MMD and MHD and treatment emerging adverse events. Results: A total of 388 patients with migraine under anti-CGRP treatments (194 with autoimmune diseases and 194 age- and sex-matched controls without autoimmune diseases) were included. The proportion of patients achieving a ≥50% response rate in MMD was higher in patients without autoimmune diseases at 6 (69% vs. 53%; p = 0.006) and 9 months (74% vs. 52%; p = 0.006). Treatment emerging adverse events were comparable between the two groups (35% vs. 38%; p = 0.575). Patients with autoimmune disease had a significantly lower likelihood of achieving a ≥50% response in MMD compared with those without autoimmune disease (adjusted odds ratio, 0.61; 95% confidence interval, 0.44–0.85; p = 0.006), independent of comorbid depression and medication overuse. Conclusions: Our study shows that anti-CGRP treatments are effective and safe for patients with migraine regardless the presence of autoimmune diseases, although an increased treatment response in patient without autoimmune disorders compared to patients with autoimmune disorders was observed. These findings highlight the need for early intervention, tailored strategies, and vigilant monitoring in patients with migraine and autoimmune disorders. Further research should explore immunomodulatory approaches to enhance outcomes. (Figure presented.).Ítem Sensor placement via large deviations in the Eikonal equation(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2026-03-11) Ftouhi, Ilias; Zuazua, EnriqueIn this work, we address the problem of optimally placing a finite number of sensors within a given region so as to minimize the mean or maximal distance to the points of the domain. To tackle this natural geometric performance criterion, formulated in terms of distance functions, we combine tools from geometric analysis with a classical result of Varadhan (Commun Pure Appl Math 20:431–455, 1967), which provides an efficient approximation of the distance function via the solution of a simple elliptic PDE. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is demonstrated through illustrative numerical simulations.Ítem Financial openness, volatility, and the size of productive government(Asociación Española de Economía, 2011-06) Erauskin Iurrita, IñakiThis paper analyzes the impact of financial openness on the size of the government in a stochastically growing small open economy when public spending is productive and volatility-reducing using a portfolio approach. The main result of the model is that economies that are more open are associated with a smaller productive public sector. The lower risk associated with more open economies due to risk diversification implies that the government is less inclined to increase the scale of its activity to maximize welfare when productive spending is also volatility-reducing. The empirical evidence based on a sample of 16 OECD countries for the period 1970–2004 broadly supports the main results of the model, even though some results are mixed.Ítem Conducta adaptativa y discapacidad intelectual: 50 años de historia y su incipiente desarrollo en la educación en Chile(Universidad Austral de Chile, Facultad de Filosofía y Humanidades, 2011) Montero Centeno, Delfín; Lagos, JuanEl artículo pretende describir la génesis del constructo conducta adaptativa, su vinculación con la noción de discapacidad intelectual y poner de relieve la importancia de la conducta adaptativa como criterio para el diagnóstico de discapacidad intelectual. Asimismo, se caracterizará el constructo conducta adaptativa tanto en lo que concierne a sus aspectos legales como a su uso para el diagnóstico en las orientaciones técnicas y los formularios únicos propuestos por el Ministerio de Educación de Chile. Finalmente, se plantea una discusión sobre los aciertos y desaciertos del incipiente desarrollo del uso del constructo conducta adaptativa, en lo que concierne a su utilización en personas con discapacidad intelectual específicamente en contextos educativos.Ítem The role of long-acting injectable antipsychotics in the early treatment of schizophrenia(Adis, 2026-07-27) Harrison, Sarah Jane; Antunes, Jose; Knight, Karl; Johnston, Karen; Mehawej, Jordy; Sánchez Gómez, Pedro Manuel ; Correll, Christoph U.Early and effective treatment of schizophrenia, within approximately the first 5 years after diagnosis, can help maximize responses and minimize functional decline and worsening of clinical outcomes. Suboptimal treatment selection in this early phase may increase the risk of relapse and negatively impact treatment adherence. Compared with daily oral antipsychotics (OAPs), long-acting injectable (LAI) antipsychotics, with dosing intervals of every 2 weeks or longer, provide consistent steady-state levels of medication and are useful for improving antipsychotic treatment adherence. Initiating LAI treatment as early as the first episode and within the first 5 years of illness has been associated with better treatment outcomes. Despite their well-known benefits, many clinicians reserve the initiation of LAIs for patients who have experienced relapse, often due to demonstrated non-adherence to OAPs, instead of using LAIs earlier after a schizophrenia diagnosis and before multiple relapses occur. This review highlights the advantages of initiating an LAI treatment earlier after a schizophrenia diagnosis, including LAI potential to reduce relapse rates, improve overall functioning, and reduce healthcare resource utilization and associated costs. The perceived barriers to early adoption of LAIs, strategies to reduce these barriers, and increase physician and patient confidence in LAIs are discussed. Additionally, we examine the current treatment guidelines for recommendations on early use of LAIs. Taken together, early use of LAIs is associated with improved patient outcomes, reduced relapse risk, and lower overall healthcare costs. Encouraging the adoption of LAIs as first-line treatment in clinical practice could help optimize long-term outcomes for patients with early phase schizophrenia. This review also highlights the evidence gaps and practical implications for clinical decision making.Ítem Forgiveness as a legal condition: a study of the uses of forgiveness in the Basque conflict(SAGE Publications Ltd, 2026-07-03) Quintana Domínguez, IdoiaIn contemporary society, forgiveness has emerged in the public sphere in unprecedented ways: The contexts in which it is invoked have multiplied, and it is no longer regarded solely as a private act. Instead, forgiveness is now understood as a means to address past wounds, acknowledge victims’ suffering, and foster coexistence in societies marked by violence. Forgiveness thus represents a way of responding to harm, traditionally understood as distinct from and opposed to the punitive-legal framework. This article examines a specific effort to integrate forgiveness within legal logic. In 2003, the Spanish Penal Code introduced an explicit request for forgiveness to victims of terrorist crimes as a condition for sentence reduction. Through the study of this scenario, the paper explores how forgiveness has been employed by Spanish legislation in the context of the Basque conflict, highlighting the paradoxes that arise when it is framed within a punitive logic. Particular attention is given to the tension between the probatory demands placed on forgiveness and its inherently unverifiable nature. The article also analyzes the purported value of forgiveness as moral reparation for victims, emphasizing their lack of active participation in the process. Additionally, the role of forgiveness in restorative experiences within the Basque context is considered. Lastly, the article reflects on the tensions and contradictions that arise when forgiveness is shaped by probatory and procedural logics—paradoxes that cannot be fully understood without acknowledging the uncertainty and incalculability of forgiveness.Ítem AI-driven self-healing across the edge–cloud continuum: a systematic literature review(Elsevier B.V., 2026-10-01) Bonilla, Lander; Díaz de Arcaya Serrano, Josu; Aguirre Usandizaga, Jon; Almeida, AitorContext: The increasing complexity posed by Edge–Cloud Continuum architectures requires innovative software development practices and paradigms. Traditional software engineering practices fall short for addressing the particularities of such deployments; hence, there is a critical need for innovative tools and techniques capable of autonomous self-remediation and enhanced resilience with minimal human intervention. Objective: The overarching goal of this study is to synthesize the state-of-the-art with regard to AI-driven self-healing in the computing continuum. Implementation challenges and ethical implications are analyzed to identify effective approaches, architectures, and future trends in the field of automated program repair. Methods: A Systematic Literature Review was conducted following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines and Kitchenham’s methodology for software engineering. A rigorous automated search across designated academic databases initially yielded 2930 records. After applying strict inclusion and exclusion criteria, 99 primary studies were selected. Results: The analysis reveals a fundamental paradigm shift from observational monitoring to actionable, autonomous repair. While LLM-driven approaches and Agentic frameworks demonstrate high efficacy in tasks such as causal discovery and complex code patching, a critical validation gap remains regarding their deployment in non-deterministic runtime environments. Current literature often lacks the rigorous testing frameworks required to ensure that AI-generated repairs do not introduce regressions or security vulnerabilities. Conclusion: Achieving trustworthy autonomy requires a holistic approach that merges advanced AI paradigms with disciplined software engineering. Future research must prioritize the creation of standardized benchmarks and empirical studies to bridge the gap between theoretical algorithms and industrial application. Furthermore, the development of decentralized multi-agent architectures and Human-in-the-Loop techniques is essential to ensure safety, explainability, and ethical compliance in the next generation of resilient software systems.Ítem Monitoring the viscoelastic evolution of vinyl ester resins for SMC via non-contact resonant ultrasound spectroscopy(Elsevier Ltd, 2026-10) Fernández-Caballero Fariñas, María Dolores; Achiaga, Beatriz; Camacho-Iglesias, Marta; García-Etxabe, Rafael B.Monitoring the pre-cure maturation of thermosetting resins, particularly in Sheet Moulding Compound (SMC) manufacturing, is critical for ensuring processability and final part quality. This stage involves complex viscoelastic changes driven by ionic thickening, a process often classified using industrial know-how rather than robust quantitative methods. However, current standard characterization methods remain destructive or contact-based, hindering their use for continuous, in-situ monitoring. This study presents a contactless methodology based on Non-Contact Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy (NC-RUS), implemented via Air-Coupled Ultrasound (ACU) to monitor the maturation of vinyl ester (VE) resin over a 30-day period. We compared a neat resin control against a formulation thickened with 3 wt% magnesium oxide (MgO). Ultrasonic parameters, estimated from thickness resonance spectra, show that, for the thickened samples, both longitudinal velocity and attenuation increase significantly with time, in contrast to the control samples confirming the ultrasonic sensitivity to the ionic thickening of the VE. Furthermore, the trends in longitudinal modulus and attenuation were validated against a standard curve of apparent viscosity obtained via Brookfield viscometry. This points to a correlation with the phenomenological stages of SMC maturation. These findings show the potential of ACU as a powerful contactless tool for the in-situ monitoring of resin pre-cure state in composite manufacturing.Ítem STUN comprehension-optional attributes as a covert channel: design, implementation, and detection(Elsevier Ltd, 2026-11) Gorrochategui, Gorka ; Zulaika Zurimendi, Unai ; Garaizar, PabloReal-time communication protocols carry implicit trust at perimeter defenses because enterprise networks must allow them for Voice over IP (VoIP) and Web Real-Time Communication (WEBRTC) operation. Existing covert-channel literature has explored Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) signaling (Mazurczyk and Szczypiorski, 2008), Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP)/RTCP media (Mazurczyk, 2013; Schmidt et al. 2018), and WEBRTC streams (Barradas et al. 2020; Figueira et al. 2022), but Session Traversal Utilities for NAT (STUN), despite its central role in NAT traversal and its ubiquity in modern networks, has not been investigated as a covert channel carrier. We design a Layer 2 covert channel that encapsulates arbitrary Ethernet frames within STUN comprehension-optional attributes, which RFC 5389 (Rosenberg et al., 2008) requires compliant implementations to silently ignore. A bidirectional polling mechanism overcomes STUN's client–server asymmetry, producing a full-duplex tunnel indistinguishable from legitimate Interactive Connectivity Establishment (ICE) keep-alive traffic. A portable proof-of-concept was implemented and deployed on two embedded Linux devices of distinct architectures: an ARM-based Yealink T19P E2 IP phone and a MIPS-based Ubiquiti EdgeRouter X. Empirical evasion testing was conducted against Snort 3 with 47,143 Talos rules, Suricata 8 with the ET Open ruleset, Zeek with the spicy_STUN analyzer, and a FortiGate 40F firewall running full Unified Threat Management (UTM) services. Across 3646 data-carrying covert messages, no signature or protocol-aware engine flagged the traffic as anomalous. To address the detection gap, we propose a lightweight Shannon-entropy detector applied to optional-attribute payloads. The mean per-attribute entropy of the covert channel reaches 6.247 bits/byte, well above the highest entropy observed in 1358 legitimate STUN messages from the ITC-Net-blend-60 dataset (4.392 bits/byte from Telegram). A 4.5 bits/byte threshold flags all 3646 covert messages while producing zero false positives across the legitimate corpus. These results expose a systemic detection gap in current network defense strategies and motivate the integration of entropy-aware inspection into Real-Time Communication (RTC) signaling protocols.Ítem A preliminary study of satisfaction with university mentoring in high-intellectual-ability secondary students: instrument validation and association with key learning processes(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2026-06-01) Martínez Izaguirre, Miryam ; Peña San José, Jon; Álvarez, AlexanderAcademic satisfaction is positioned as a fundamental psychological construct with regard to academic success, linked to well-being and cognitive engagement. The aim of the study was to evaluate the satisfaction of secondary school students with high intellectual abilities (HIA) participating in the university mentoring program in the Basque Country Autonomous Community. A quantitative methodology was used with a sample of 90 students. A purpose-developed 17-item questionnaire with 17 items used to measure the different areas that make up the multidimensionality of satisfaction. The results indicate very high levels of overall satisfaction, with particular emphasis on the quality of the bond and the mentor’s expertise. Likewise, through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), the validity of the instrument was tested under the ‘Big Four’ model (improvement-oriented learning, individualization, feedback and practical tasks with minimal transfer). It is concluded that the mentoring program used constitutes a suitable educational response that harmonizes intellectual challenge with the psychosocial support necessary to transform potential into talent.Ítem Assessor versus assessee: a scoping review of the impact of peer assessment roles on cognitive, intrapersonal, and interpersonal outcomes(Springer Science and Business Media B.V., 2026-06-23) Zamorano Sande, David ; Alqassab, Maryam ; Panadero, ErnestoPeer assessment can shape students' learning across cognitive, intrapersonal, and interpersonal outcomes. When students participate in peer assessment, they can take on two distinct roles, as assessors or as assessees, each of which may shape their learning differently. However, only recently, there has been interest in comparing how each role contributes to students' learning. This comparison comes with a challenge: students usually play both roles reciprocally, making it difficult to disentangle the effect of each. We conducted a scoping review to examine the methodological approaches, and the evidence generated from peer assessment studies comparing the effects of the assessor and assessee roles on cognitive, intrapersonal, and interpersonal learning outcomes. Our review identified 19 studies, most conducted in higher education contexts. They compared the differential impact on cognitive (n = 9), intrapersonal (n = 9), and interpersonal (n = 1) outcomes. Among the studies focusing on cognitive outcomes, a subset used designs that specifically isolated each role, yet even these produced inconsistent results: in some studies students acting as assessors outperformed assessees, while in others both roles led to similar gains. In contrast, research focusing on intrapersonal and interpersonal outcomes is largely exploratory, though it offers a useful foundation for developing more focused designs aimed at specific variables. We propose a set of guidelines for future research aimed at systematically disentangling the impact of the assessor and assessee roles on the three aforementioned outcomes.Ítem Preparing for intersectional perspectives: challenges in academic employment practice(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2026-06-22) Bencivenga, Rita ; Taramasso, Angela Celeste ; Vilhena, Fernanda Campanini; Leone, CinziaThis paper explores the potential for aligning theoretical approaches and good practices for intersectional approaches to recruitment and career development in academia, focusing on a European university alliance comprising eight institutions. The study applies a participatory approach that includes comparative analysis and stakeholder engagement to assess how institutional practices can become more inclusive. The findings highlight structural barriers, including entrenched notions of meritocracy and inadequate legal and procedural frameworks. Current strategies often juxtapose inequalities rather than addressing their intersections, resulting in approaches remaining siloed. Based on a reflexive case study, the paper identifies critical factors such as the need for formalised procedures, training and financial investment to effectively operationalise intersectional frameworks. It emphasises the need for tailored approaches that take into account the diversity of institutional and legal contexts and enable more inclusive academic policies and services. Together, these efforts aim to address structural inequalities and create sustainable practises that support the professional development and mobility of marginalised groups in academia, responding to the persistent gaps between policy commitments to intersectionality and their practical implementation within higher education institutions.Ítem Longitudinal associations between child-to-parent violence, problematic internet use, and depression(John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2026-06-23) Ronzón Tirado, Román ; Orue Sola, Izaskun ; Calvete Zumalde, EstherThis study addresses the research gap concerning the longitudinal relationship between problematic online behaviours and child-to-parent violence (CPV). It examined reciprocal associations among problematic internet use, CPV, and depression in 1256 adolescents (Mage = 15.35; SD = 1.11, 57.6% girls) from Bizkaia, Spain who provided data in at least one of three measurement waves, spaced six months apart. Using random intercept cross-lagged panel models, between-person analyses showed significant associations between CPV and problematic internet use. Within-person analyses indicated that increases in adolescents' typical levels of problematic internet use consistently predicted increases in CPV and depressive symptoms. Although between-person associations were similar across genders, several cross-lagged paths were statistically significant only among girls. Furthermore, separate models for CPV against mothers and fathers revealed that these longitudinal effects were significant only for aggression against mothers. These findings contribute to understanding how online environments may influence the development of CPV.Ítem Reliability and anatomical agreement of high-resolution ultrasound for measuring the length and thickness of the A1 pulley: a cadaveric study(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2026-05-22) Iruretagoiena Urbieta, Seber ; Blasi, Marc ; Balius Matas, Ramón ; Sala Blanch, Xavier; Garralda, María; De la Fuente ,JavierAccurate assessment of the A1 pulley is essential for the diagnosis and treatment of trigger finger, particularly in ultrasound-guided percutaneous release. Although high-resolution ultrasound is widely used to evaluate pulley morphology, the validity of sonographic measurements of A1 pulley length has not been clearly established against anatomical reference standard. This study evaluated the reliability and validity of ultrasound for measuring A1 pulley length and thickness in human cadavers and assessed the reproducibility of A2 pulley length. Twenty fingers from five fresh-frozen cadaveric hands were examined. Two blinded expert musculoskeletal sonographers independently performed ultrasound acquisition and measurements of A1 and A2 pulley length and A1 pulley thickness, while a third blinded observer obtained anatomical measurements after meticulous dissection using a digital caliper. Ultrasound systematically overestimated A1 pulley length compared with anatomical measurements and showed very poor reliability (ICC = 0.05) with wide limits of agreement. In contrast, A2 pulley length showed high interobserver reliability (ICC = 0.83) and relatively better agreement with anatomical values, whereas A1 pulley thickness showed moderate reproducibility (ICC = 0.61). Overall, A1 length measurements showed substantial variability and limited agreement, while A2 length and A1 thickness appeared more consistent within this experimental setting. These findings should be interpreted within the limitations of a cadaveric model.Ítem When teachers’ assessment intentions meet students’ classroom experience: evidence of interpretive misalignment in secondary physical education(Elsevier Ltd, 2026) Panadero, Ernesto ; Pitsia, Vasiliki ; Fernández Ruiz, Javier ; García-Pérez, Daniel ; Pardo García, RodrigoAssessment operates in classrooms not only as an instructional procedure but also as a communicative process through which teachers convey meanings about learning and performance. Yet little is known about whether teachers’ conceptions of assessment are reflected in their students’ perceptions of assessment and classroom motivational climate. This study examined this cross-level relationship by linking teacher conceptions and characteristics to students’ perceptions of assessment and classroom motivational climate in secondary physical education. Data were collected from 989 students taught by 17 teachers in Spanish secondary schools and were analysed through a series of two-level linear regression models. A significant proportion of variance in each student-reported outcome was attributed to between-teacher differences. Teacher age and self-reported formative orientation were the most consistent predictors. Notably, stronger self-reported formative orientation by teachers was associated with less positive student perceptions on some assessmentdimensions. These findings suggest that the meanings of assessment are not necessarily shared in the same way by teachers and students, highlighting assessment as a relational and interpretive process in which students construct the meaning of evaluation through classroom interaction.Ítem Involvement of autoantibodies against G protein-coupled receptors in post-COVID condition and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome(Nature Research, 2026) Azcue, N.; Prada, A.; Pino Sáez, Rocío del; Acera Gil, María Ángeles ; Fernández Valle, Tamara ; Ayo Mentxakatorre, Naia ; Pérez Concha, Tomás ; Murueta-Goyena Larrañaga, Ane ; Lafuente, Jose Vicente ; López de Munain Arregui, Adolfo ; Ruiz Irastorza, Guillermo ; Ribacoba Bajo, Laureano; Gabilondo Cuellar, Iñigo; Tijero Merino, Beatriz ; Gómez Esteban, Juan CarlosPost-COVID condition (PCC) and Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) are chronic disorders marked by fatigue, autonomic dysfunction, and cognitive impairment. Autoantibodies (AAbs) targeting adrenergic and muscarinic receptors have been implicated in their pathophysiology. This study aimed to investigate the association between these AAbs, autonomic nervous system (ANS) function, and cognitive performance in PCC and ME/CFS. We included 96 PCC patients, 59 ME/CFS patients, and 36 healthy controls (HCs). Plasma AAbs against α1, β1, β2 adrenergic and M1–M4 muscarinic receptors were measured via ELISA. ANS function was evaluated using COMPASS-31, Sudoscan, hemodynamic tests (deep breathing, Valsalva, tilt test), and heart rate variability. Cognitive domains assessed included attention, fluency, processing speed, memory, visuoconstruction, perception, and executive functions. ME/CFS patients had significantly higher β2 adrenergic AAb titers than PCC and HCs (F₂,₁₈₆ = 3.15, p = 0.046). PCC patients showed more borderline/pathological M3 muscarinic AAb results compared to HCs. β2 AAb levels correlated with increased autonomic symptoms in PCC (r = 0.27, p = 0.048) and sympathovagal imbalance in ME/CFS (r = 0.45, p = 0.001). In ME/CFS, M1, M3, and M4 AAb titers positively correlated with verbal and working memory performance. Distinct AAb profiles in PCC and ME/CFS suggest potential differences in immunological mechanisms. β2 adrenergic receptor AAbs were associated with measures of autonomic dysfunction in PCC patients, and with sympathovagal parameters in ME/CFS patients. Muscarinic AAbs were correlated with cognitive performance in ME/CFS, supporting a potential role of these autoantibodies in autonomic and cognitive dysfunction. These findings support further investigation of AAbs as biomarkers and therapeutic targets.Ítem Jurisprudencia(Gobierno Vasco = Eusko Jaurlaritza, Instituto Vasco de Administración Pública (IVAP) - Administrazio Publikoaren Euskal Institutua, 2026) Gallastegi Aranzabal, CesarÍtem Nature connectedness and work engagement in the relationship between emotional exhaustion and life satisfaction among employees(Asociación Universitaria de Educación y Psicología - ASUNIVEP, 2026-06-05) Jaime Jorge, María Soraya; García Ael, Cristina; Azanza, Garazi ; Fernández Fernández, Ana Mª; Topa Cantisano, GabrielaThis paper analyses associations between psychological health at work and life satisfaction among employees. Specifically, it investigates the association between work stress and emotional exhaustion and explores whether connectedness to nature and work engagement are involved in the indirect association between emotional exhaustion and life satisfaction. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) was used to analyse data from a final sample of 1851 Spanish workers from diverse professional categories. These included technical and support professionals, administrative employees, middle managers, civil servants and healthcare professionals, unskilled workers, and other occupational groups. SEM analyses were conducted with 1850 valid cases due to one missing or invalid case in the SEM model. The results indicated that work stress was positively associated with emotional exhaustion, whereas emotional exhaustion was negatively associated with life satisfaction. Connectedness to nature and work engagement were involved in this indirect association: higher emotional exhaustion was associated with lower levels of connectedness to nature and work engagement, while higher levels of connectedness to nature and work engagement were associated with higher life satisfaction. The findings suggest that connectedness to nature and work engagement may be relevant psychological and work-related resources in this relationship.Ítem Utility effectiveness, composite indicators and ‘benefit of the doubt’ models: how important are preferences when evaluating the performance of innovation systems?(Elsevier Ltd, 2026-08) Zofío, José L.; Aparicio, Juan; Barbero, Javier; Zabala Iturriagagoitia, Jon MikelThis study introduces a methodology that embeds ‘Benefit of the Doubt’ evaluations of performance of innovation systems, based on objective measures of technical effectiveness—that compare the values of a set of indicators across countries—into the literature of composite indicators, which rank countries relying on utility functions and whose aggregating structure and weights are subjectively chosen by the decision makers. Considering the general case of the constant elasticity of substitution utility function, whose power mean formulation nests popular specifications such as the weighted (linear) arithmetic mean, weighted geometric mean (Cobb-Douglas), and fixed-proportions (Leontief), we define the concept of utility effectiveness of an alternative as the ratio of its observed utility to the maximum utility observed across countries. We show that the utility loss resulting from an ineffective performance can be consistently decomposed into two mutually exclusive factors: first, grounded in the objective criterion of Pareto-dominance, the mentioned technical effectiveness is represented by a technical (radial) measure depending only on quantities, which gauges the distance to the utility frontier; second, a measure of allocative effectiveness, determining the additional utility loss resulting from an unbalanced composition of indicators given the preferences of the decision maker. Using data from the European Innovation Scoreboard, our results show high levels of utility ineffectiveness in Southern and Eastern European countries. On average, these countries' performance is half of the maximum utility reached by the best performing innovation systems. Objective technical ineffectiveness generally dominates over subjective allocative ineffectiveness (except for the fixed proportion specification), showing that the practical impact of choosing one utility specification over another, although sizable, is limited. Consequently, main performance deficits are often not due to substitutability or compensatory issues, but rather to real shortfalls in indicator levels, while preference-driven differences tend to be second-order and comparatively robust.