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Ítem Effect of pin shape on thermal history of aluminum-steel friction stir welded joint: computational fluid dynamic modeling and validation(MDPI, 2021-12-01) Bokov, D.O.; Jawad, M.A.; Suksatan, W.; Abdullah, M.E.; Świerczyńska, A.; Fydrych, D.; Derazkola, H.A.This article studied the effects of pin angle on heat generation and temperature distribution during friction stir welding (FSW) of AA1100 aluminum alloy and St-14 low carbon steel. A validated computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was implemented to simulate the FSW process. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed in order to investigate internal materials’ flow. Simulation results revealed that the mechanical work on the joint line increased with the pin angle and larger stir zone forms. The simulation results show that in the angled pin tool, more than 26% of the total heat is produced by the pin. Meanwhile, in other cases, the total heat produced by the pin was near 15% of the total generated heat. The thermo-mechanical cycle in the steel zone increased, and consequently, mechanical interlock between base metals increased. The simulation output demonstrated that the frictional heat generation with a tool without a pin angle is higher than an angled pin. The calculation result also shows that the maximum heat was generated on the steel side.Ítem Collaborative governance for public social innovation: the case of Gipuzkoa, Basque Country(Sinnergiak Social Innovation, 2021-12-30) Barandiarán Irastorza, XabierGlobalization and its conditions of development have brought about a new political agenda characterized by the need to address social challenges. Similarly, the crisis of liberal democracy has highlighted the need for new models for the management of public space and public policies. This article addresses the concept of collaborative governance as a mechanism to stimulate collective processes of deliberation through the establishment of formal, consensus-oriented decisions to identify priorities and generate lines of action in the territories. Within this framework, the article presents the practical experience of collaborative governance, ‘Etorkizuna Eraikiz’, a program designed and implemented by the Provincial Council of Gipuzkoa, and explains the structural elements that comprise the program and analyzes the functioning of the model in which it is framed.Ítem Protecting linguistic and religious minorities: looking for synergies among legal instruments(MDPI, 2021-09-01) Ruiz Vieytez, Eduardo JavierLanguage and religion are two main cultural markers of collective identities and articulating factors at play in the majority-minority game. However, from a legal and political point of view, language and religion work very differently as factors for determining minorities. This is due, on the one hand, to their different connection with public bodies and, on the other hand, to the different role played by the two identity markers, more substantive in the case of religion and more instrumental in the case of language. Different forms of protection of linguistic and religious diversity and minorities have been developed so far. The two fields of protection have evolved separately and there has hardly been any dialogue between them. This article aims to analyze whether and how the usual forms of protection of linguistic diversity and linguistic minorities can be useful for the management of religious-based diversity or minorities. In this respect, linguistic diversity management draws more inspiration from religious diversity management techniques than the reverse. Nevertheless, a number of techniques that have been applied to the linguistic diversity protection may also play a potential role for the protection of religious diversity, opening the door to further synergies among legal instruments.Ítem Zero tolerance of children’s sexual abuse from interreligious dialogue(MDPI AG, 2021-07-01) Pulido, Cristina ; Vidu Afloarei, Ana ; Rodrigues de Mello, Roseli ; Oliver, EstherChild sexual abuse is a social problem that concerns our societies. The sustainable development goals have highlighted the eradication of child sexual abuse as one of the highest-priority goals of this century. Breaking the silence within religious communities is an essential step going forward. Therefore, establishing a dialogue between people of different religions is crucial to achieving this goal. The purpose of this article is to explore whether there are current interreligious dialogue initiatives based on scientific recommendations to prevent child sexual abuse. The method used herein is a qualitative document analysis of the selected initiatives. The results indicate that interreligious dialogue initiatives include scientific recommendations in their prevention programs. Furthermore, these successful initiatives connect religious values and the need to support victims and to break their silence. Based on these results, it can be concluded that interreligious initiatives for child sexual abuse prevention programs based on scientific evidence are crucial in order to eradicate child sexual abuse.Ítem The progressive gendering of the European Union’s economic governance architecture(University Association for Contemporary European Studies, 2021-09) Gómez Urquijo, LauraThis study shows the correlation between the European integration process and the progress of gender equality objectives. In particular, it focuses on the effectiveness of economic governance tools to enhance coordination between national policies towards gender equality. The research question pertains to whether the new architecture of economic governance aims to consolidate the market model or correct gender imbalances. This aspect leads us to explore the diverse tools of national monitoring displayed in the recently reinforced governance, particularly the fiscal discipline policy as a conditioning framework, the European Semester as the current significant instrument for coordinating national policies, and the European Pillar of Social Rights (EPSR) and its Social Scoreboard annex. The analysis confirms that the potential of governance instruments to enhance gender equality is underused. Meanwhile, these tools set out a policy focused on consolidating the market model of competitiveness and fiscal discipline, rather than tackling gender inequalities.Ítem Social innovation and employment in the digital age: the case of the connect employment shuttles in Spain(KeAi Publishing Communications Ltd., 2021-12-01) Enciso-Santocildes, Marta ; Echaniz Barrondo, Arantza ; Gómez Urquijo, LauraThe digital revolution has shaped the modern world in unprecedented ways. Moreover, the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the value of digital technologies. As the health crisis’ effect rippled through economic, political, and social structures worldwide, it also accelerated the adoption of digital tools to pool expertise, ideas, and capacities for generating solutions to the pandemic's short- and long-term implications. One of the areas where major challenges have arisen is employment. In the whole panorama of digital social innovation in Spain, we find an experience that can be described as outstanding and that links employment and digitalization. However, despite being highly successful, there is hardly any academic literature on this experience. The Connect Employment Shuttles will be the subject of specific in-depth analysis in this article. This is a socially innovative program that has been developed since 2020 in collaboration with the Santa María la Real Foundation. The Connect Employment Shuttles are an existing model specialization, the Employment Shuttles, but applied in the field of digitalization. In this article, we present the origin of the Employment Shuttles and the differences between them and other labor market integration initiatives, their constituent elements, and the social impact they exert. The research question of our study is whether this innovative mechanism combining employment and digitalization is valid and reliable. The answer is particularly relevant for private and public entities interested in implementing effective measures against unemployment, especially in vulnerable groups. The main contribution of this study is the systematized presentation of the experience of the Connect Employment Shuttles and its results so far, being the major limitation is the scarcity and dispersion of information sources.Ítem A pilot study of younger sibling adaptation: contributions of individual variables, daily stress, interparental conflict and older sibling’s variables(PsychOpen, 2021) Merino, Laura; Martínez Pampliega, Ana; Herrero Fernández, DavidOlder siblings are powerful socialization agents, playing a significant role in the sociocognitive, social, and emotional development of their younger siblings. However, there are few clues about the variables that explain younger sibling’s adaptation. The objective of this pilot study was to identify the determinants of younger siblings’ adaptation and to analyze the role played by personal, sibling, family and older siblings’ variables using 50 dyads of siblings aged between 7 and 18 years. The variables considered were the sibling relationships and the maladaptation of older siblings, and individual (sex, number of siblings, extroversion, and agreeableness) and contextual variables (interparental conflict, daily stress) were controlled. Hierarchical multiple regressions provided evidence in favor of the model that analyzed the younger siblings’ maladaptation to school, showing positive associations both with the older siblings’ level of school maladaptation and with sibling conflict. In addition, the study highlighted the relevance of the trait of agreeableness and of family stress in the adaptation of younger siblings.Ítem Interreligious dialogue groups enabling human agency(MDPI AG, 2021-03-01) Campdepadrós Cullell, Roger; Pulido Rodríguez, Miguel Ángel ; Marauri Ceballos, Jesús; Racionero-Plaza, SandraEvidence has shown that interreligious dialogue is one of the paths to build bridges among diverse cultural and religious communities that otherwise would be in conflict. Some literature reflects, from a normative standpoint, on how interreligious dialogue should be authentic and meaningful. However, there is scarce literature on what conditions contribute to this dialogue achieving its desirable goals. Thus, our aim was to examine such conditions and provide evidence of how interreligious dialogue enables human agency. By analyzing the activity of interreligious dialogue groups, we document the human agency they generate, and we gather evidence about the features of the conditions. For this purpose, we studied four interreligious dialogue groups, all affiliated with the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization’s (UNESCO) Association for Interreligious Dialogue (AUDIR), employing in-depth interviews and discussion groups. In these groups, which operate in diverse and multicultural neighborhoods, local actors and neighbors hold dialogues about diversity issues. In so doing, social coexistence, friendship ties, and advocacy initiatives arise. After analyzing the collected data, we conclude that for interreligious dialogue to result in positive and promising outputs, it must meet some principles of dialogic learning, namely equality of differences, egalitarian dialogue, cultural intelligence, solidarity, and transformation.Ítem I do it, but I decide with whom(Frontiers Media S.A., 2021-08-05) Pulido, Cristina; Vidu Afloarei, Ana; Racionero-Plaza, Sandra ; Puigvert Mallart, LidiaSocial interactions and communication shape the desires and preferences of men and women. While it is true that some men have modified their behavior due to feminist women, the same happened with some women, who changed attraction patterns thanks to new alternative masculinities (NAM). This study examines the latter, focusing on social interactions mediated by language, as a crucial element to impact and change the desires of people. For this purpose, six autobiographical interviews were conducted with women aged 19–39 years, from two different countries and continents, paying attention to the narratives of their sexual-affective relationships. Using the communicative methodology, interactions have been analyzed from verbal communication and nonverbal communication, based on the consequences of the actions rather than intentionality. The results of this study show how dialogic communicative acts with NAMs influenced some women who first defended or justified actions of male perpetrators to later prefer to support female survivors against their perpetrators. Analysis reveals that communicative acts grounded in such language that enacted the desire of NAM for women of solidarity have shaped some memories of women of relationships with dominant traditional masculinities (DTM) and, ultimately, contributed to change their attraction and election patterns.Ítem How inclusive interactive learning environments benefit students without special needs(Frontiers Media S.A., 2021-04-29) Molina Roldán, Silvia; Marauri Ceballos, Jesús ; Aubert Simón, Adriana ; Flecha García, José RamónGrowing evidence in recent years has led to an agreement on the importance and benefits that inclusive education has for students with special educational needs (SEN). However, the extension and universalization of an inclusive approach will also be enhanced with more evidence on the benefits that inclusion has for all students, including those without SEN. Based on the existing knowledge that learning interactions among diverse students are a key component of educational inclusion, the aim of this study is to identify the impact on students without SEN of being educated with students with SEN in shared, inclusive, interactive learning environments. Data were collected in three schools using a qualitative approach with a communicative orientation. Semistructured interviews were held with teachers as well as community volunteers participating in the schools. Further, focus groups were conducted with students and teachers. The results show that students without SEN benefit from participating in interactive learning activities with peers with SEN in different ways: (1) they learn to respect others, accept differences, and acknowledge different abilities, thereby creating opportunities for new friendships to develop; (2) they learn about abilities related to helping others participate and learn, to be patient and to gain the satisfaction in helping others learn and behave better; and (3) they benefit from the cognitive effort required to explain themselves and from the contributions of peers with SEN from which they can learn.Ítem Entrepreneurship competence in pre-service teachers training degrees at spanish jesuit universities: a content analysis based on entrecomp and entrecompedu(MDPI AG, 2021-08-02) Arruti, Arantza ; Morales, Cristina; Benitez, EstibalizEntrepreneurship competence is one of the eight key competences for promoting lifelong learning, employability, and ensuring success in the knowledge society. The main objective of this study is to analyse to what extent entrepreneurship competence, as contemplated in the main European reference frameworks (EntreComp and EntreCompEdu), is incorporated into the competences that make up pre-service teachers training degrees offered by Spanish Jesuit universities. A content analysis of 631 competences was carried out by means of an expert judgement. The results of the study allow us to conclude, among others, that: with the exception of Assessment (EntreCompEdu), the remaining areas of both frameworks are covered by 30% of the competences proposed by the universities; none of the universities incorporate the competences Motivation and perseverance, Financial and economic literacy and Coping with uncertainty, ambiguity and risk of EntreComp, nor Checking and reporting on progress, Share feedback and Recognising progress and achievement of EntreCompEdu; the EntreComp competences Mobilising others, Planning and managing, and Working with others, and the EntreCompEdu Creating an empowering entrepreneurial learning environment are recognised the most; it is in the specific and general competences of the University of Deusto and Ramon LLull University that the above-mentioned competences are most frequently recognised. In conclusion, although there is still much to be done, entrepreneurship competence is included in initial teacher training at Jesuit universities in Spain.Ítem Analysing the differences in the scientific diffusion and policy impact of analogous theoretical approaches: evidence for territorial innovation models(Phcog.Net, 2021-01) Brixner, Cristian; Romano, Silvina ; Zabala Iturriagagoitia, Jon MikelThe aim of this paper is to reflect on the conceptualization of three, a priori, similar territorial innovation models: the triple helix, the regional innovation systems and Sábato’s triangle. To compare their underlying theoretical foundations, we conduct a bibliometric analysis of the contributions based on the previous territorial innovation models. Following Reinert’s procedure we identify the most relevant lexical worlds in each stream of work. Our results reveal that the language of publication affects the scope and dissemination of academic works, as well as their impact in terms of policy making. The analysis also evidences the conceptual and theoretical differences among the three models. In particular, the differences in the schools of thought from which the three models emerge explain, to a great extent, the differences in the way the concepts introduced in each model are approached and applied in practice. The paper discusses how the practice of policy making tends to follow mainstream theories, approaches and methods that are not designed to transform those realities in which they are to be applied. The paper contributes to the literature with new evidence that shows how the use of non-dominant languages in scientific research does not necessarily imply that the contributions are not of interest to the world scientific and policy communities.Ítem Family secrets and narrative structure in Celeste Ng’s «Everything I Never Told You»(Asociación Española de Estudios Anglo-Norteamericanos. AEDEAN, 2021-12) Ibarrola Armendariz, AitorCeleste Ng’s novel Everything I Never Told You (2014) has been said to combine some stock ingredients of literary thrillers with other less customary features that complicate its classification in that genre. Although we learn from page one that the protagonist of the novel, sixteen-year-old Lydia Lee, is dead, discovering who is behind the possible murder of this Chinese American girl proves to be one of the lesser mysteries in the story. While the reader remains intrigued by the forces/people that may have driven Lydia to her demise, other enigmas—related to the other members of the Lee family—keep cropping up and turn out to be closely linked to the protagonist’s fate. This article explores the secret-saturated structure of the novel, which moves back and forth between the Lees’ speculations about Lydia’s death, the impact that the event has on their lives and the protagonist’s own version of the story. Ng delves deep into the issues of gender, race and other types of otherness that spawn most of the secrets driving the story. Assisted by theories expounded by Frank Kermode, Derek Attridge and other scholars, the article highlights the centrality of family secrets as a structuring principle in Ng’s novel.Ítem Integrar un espacio, conectarse al mundo: la evolución de las vías de comunicación en Vasconia entre los siglos XVI-XVIII(Fundación para el Estudio del Derecho Histórico y Autonómico de Vasconia, FEDHAV, 2021) Achón Insausti, José AngelLa evolución de la caminería moderna en Vasconia (siglos XVI a XVIII) se caracterizó por tres transformaciones: a) el paso de una política de mantenimiento a otra de construcción de caminos de nueva planta; b) el paso del protagonismo de las instituciones locales al de las instituciones propiamente territoriales, las diputaciones; c) el paso de un interés por las entradas y salidas de los territorios a una política que priorizaba la estructuración interna de los mismos.Ítem «No one will criticize you»: keys for egalitarian participation in dialogic literary gatherings(Hipatia Editorial, 2021-10) Álvarez Guerrero, Garazi ; Martínez de la Hidalga, Zoe; Villardón Gallego, LourdesThere is an international consensus on the importance of ensuring the equal participation of all learners, including those with special needs. Decades of research have shown that dialogue and interactions are key in learning and development. However, less is known about how to ensure equal participation in a context with diverse students. This study implements an educational practice based on interaction and dialogue that has been shown to favor educational success in different contexts (Dialogic Literary Gatherings). Specifically, it explores in depth the case of a school in which 18 observations were carried out in Secondary Education, 2 interviews with teachers and a Discussion Group with students. The results of the study indicate that the Dialogic Literary Gatherings guarantee equal participation, making all students, even those who do not participate in other contexts, feel more confident to intervene, to listen actively and respect the contributions of their peers, and to learn from the contributions of their classmates.Ítem Breaking the silence within critical pedagogy(Hipatia Editorial, 2021-10) Puigvert Mallart, Lidia ; Kim, Kyung Hi; Khalfaoui Larrañaga, Andrea; Rios Gonzalez, Oriol; Rodrigues de Mello, Roseli; Joanpere, Mar; Flecha García, José RamónThere is a wide and rich scientific literature about Gender Violence (GV) in diverse institutions and contexts, now including Isolating Gender Violence (IGV). However, there is an almost absolute silence about GV and IGV within the field of critical pedagogy despite its pretention to influence children’s education. This paper is part of a long research program on GV and presents the first evidence about its existence within critical pedagogy. The communicative methodology of this research has included interviews to 15 authors of critical pedagogy and 1 discussion group. The gender dimension is key in this research, most lists of outstanding critical pedagogists include only white males and most of them from North America, in this research there are 15 women of the 21 interviewees and diverse gender options and cultures are represented. The results clearly show that, as in any other social institutions and domains, within critical pedagogy there are upstanders against GV, those who maintain a guilty silence and harassers making direct GV and/or IGV.Ítem Las cofradías de pescadores en Euskadi como entidades de la economía social(Instituto de Derecho Cooperativo y Economía Social -GEZKI, 2021-12) Arrieta Idiakez, Francisco Javier; Martínez Etxeberria, Gonzalo; López Rodríguez, JosuneA través de este estudio se pretende justificar que las Cofradías de Pescadores de Euskadi encajan en el concepto de entidad de la Economía Social que establece la Ley 5/2011, de 29 de marzo, de Economía Social. Ciertamente, se considera que no es suficiente con que dicha ley mencione a las Cofradías de Pescadores como entidad de la Economía Social, sino que es necesario que, en la práctica, se cumplan determinados principios, fácilmente identificables en la propia ley. Para ello, en primer lugar, se llevará a cabo una caracterización de las Cofradías de Pescadores de Euskadi, principalmente, para demostrar que, pese a su naturaleza jurídica de Corporación de Derecho Público, cumplen con el principio de independencia respecto a los poderes públicos. A continuación, se analiza si, en la práctica, las Cofradías de Pescadores cumplen con el resto de principios orientativos de la Economía Social, y si también desarrollan actividad económica y satisfacen bien el interés colectivo de sus integrantes, bien el interés general económico y social, o ambos. Debe destacarse que para llevar a cabo este estudio se han analizado pormenorizadamente todos los Estatutos de las Cofradías de Pescadores de Euskadi.Ítem A systematic literature review about the level of digital competences defined by DigCompEdu in higher education(Instituto de Ciencias de la Educación, 2021-12) Bilbao Aiastui, Eider; Arruti, Arantza; Carballedo Morillo, RobertoNowadays, we are facing a historical moment in which education practices are being transformed—mainly due to the increase of technologies and their massive use at all levels of society; thus, it is necessary to integrate them in educational settings. In this context, the aim of this paper is to analyse the level of technological competences of university professors. To this end, a systematic literature review based on the PRISMA methodology is carried out. he search was focused on WoS and SCOPUS databases. Initially, 815 documents were retrieved, and after applying the exclusion criteria 30 papers were selected. The selected papers have been analysed in detail and the final conclusions have been structured according to the DigCompEdu digital competence framework. The results show that the level of Digital Competences of University Professors (DCUP) is moderate, and highlight aspects to improve: Reflective Practice is not cited in any article, and Learner ́s Empowerment and Facilitating Students’ Digital Competence are the least referred. These aspects should be considered for future research and, for this reason, it is recommended to carry out continuous training for university professors supported by the DigCompEdu framework.Ítem Arquitectura de la política externa brasileña: autonomistas, globalistas y americanistas en Itamaraty(Miño y Dávila, 2021) Crescentino, Diego Sebastián ; Caballero Santos, SergioLa revisión histórica de la política exterior brasileña se encuentra en un debate constante, que desvela la brecha entre las aspiraciones de desarrollo de un actor del Sur y sus obstáculos para insertarse en el Norte. Inmerso en esta discusión, este artículo analiza las narrativas que impregnan a toda la acción exterior brasileña y enmarcan los rasgos definitorios de Itamaraty, procurando arrojar luz sobre las ideas que nutren su pensamiento político en la actualidad. Primero, esboza las dos corrientes ideacionales que se disputaron la toma de decisiones en política exterior (autonomistas y americanistas) hasta 1990, y la aparición de una tercera corriente: los institucionalistas pragmáticos. Después, analiza el paulatino ascenso de la legitimidad internacional de Brasil a partir de una política exterior de prestigio. Por último, examina el declive de la política exterior brasileña desde 2014. Este artículo pretende colaborar, así, con la caracterización sistemática de las escuelas de pensamiento de Itamaraty, trazando algunas de las narrativas que impregnan la identidad internacional de Brasil.Ítem Psychological adjustment in adult adoptees: a meta-analysis(Colegio Oficial de Psicólogos del Principado de Asturias, 2021) Corral, Susana; Herrero Lázaro, Marta; Martín Bolaños, Nerea; Gordejuela, Ane; Herrero Fernández, DavidBackground: Little is known about the effect adoption status has on psychological adjustment (for instance, depression, anxiety, problem behaviour, or drug misuse) in adulthood. The aim of this study was to conduct a meta-analysis to study the impact of adoption status on adult adoptees’ psychological adjustment. Method: The review included 18 quasi-experimental studies conducted between 1993 and 2019. Results: Adoptees had signifi cantly worse psychological adjustment than nonadoptees across all outcomes, except for the obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and antisocial personality disorder (APD). The moderating analyses showed a signifi cant effect for ethnicity and marital status. Conclusions: Our results shed light on the specifi c groups of adoptees at a higher risk of maladjustment. The outcomes most strongly infl uenced by adoptive status were angry emotions (hostility and anger), psychiatric care, drug abuse, and psychotic symptoms. These fi ndings have clinical implications with regard to the support that practitioners can provide to adoptees and their families.