Examinando por Autor "Cabrera Zubizarreta, Alberto"
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Ítem Altered functional connectivity in the default mode network is associated with cognitive impairment and brain anatomical changes in Parkinson's disease(Elsevier Ltd, 2016-12) Lucas Jiménez, Olaia; Ojeda del Pozo, Natalia ; Peña Lasa, Javier ; Díez Cirarda, María ; Cabrera Zubizarreta, Alberto ; Gómez Esteban, Juan Carlos ; Gómez Beldarrain, María Ángeles ; Ibarretxe Bilbao, NaroaObjective To assess whether functional neural connectivity is disrupted between the regions of the default mode network (DMN) in Parkinson's disease (PD) and how this connectivity is related to cognition, brain gray matter structure and white matter integrity and diffusivity. Methods Thirty-seven PD patients and 16 healthy controls were evaluated, using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), T1-weighted MRI, diffusion-weighted imaging and a battery of cognitive tests. Functional connectivity between the regions of the DMN, specifically in the precuneus, anterior and posterior cingulate, medial prefrontal and temporal and inferior parietal cortices was assessed with seed-to-voxel connectivity; gray matter volume and white matter values were determined using voxel-based morphometry and tract-based spatial statistics. Results Reduced functional connectivity was observed between the posterior cingulate and medial temporal lobe in PD. Lower cognitive performance, gray matter loss in posterior, medial temporal and parietal areas, and fractional anisotropy reduction in the white matter adjacent to DMN regions were also observed in PD patients compared with healthy controls. Lower DMN functional connectivity correlated with lower verbal and visual memory and visual abilities performance in PD. In addition, lower DMN functional connectivity correlated with lower gray matter volume in the posterior cingulate and precuneus, and with lower white matter fractional anisotropy of the inferior longitudinal and posterior cingulate fasciculi in PD. Conclusions By combining different neuroimaging techniques and cognitive data, results showed that functional connectivity alteration between the regions of the DMN is associated with lower cognitive performance and gray and white matter abnormalities in PD.Ítem Amygdala neurodegeneration: a key driver of visual dysfunction in Parkinson's disease(John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2025-02-17) Erramuzpe Aliaga, Asier; Murueta-Goyena Larrañaga, Ane; Jiménez Marín, Antonio; Acera Gil, María Ángeles; Teijeira Portas, Sara; Pino, Rocío del; Fernández Valle, Tamara; Diez, Ibai ; Sainz Lugarezaresti, Unai; Ibarretxe Bilbao, Naroa; Ayala Fernández, Unai; Barrenechea Carrasco, Maitane; Cabrera Zubizarreta, Alberto; Cortés, Jesús; Gómez Esteban, Juan Carlos; Gabilondo Cuellar, IñigoObjective: Visual disability in Parkinson's disease (PD) is not fully explained by retinal neurodegeneration. We aimed to delineate the brain substrate of visual dysfunction in PD and its association with retinal thickness. Methods: Forty-two PD patients and 29 controls underwent 3-Tesla MRI, retinal spectral-domain optical coherence tomography, and visual testing across four domains. Voxel-level associations between gray matter volume and visual outcomes were used to define a visual impairment region (visualROI). Functional connectivity of the visualROI with brain networks was analyzed. Covariance analysis of brain regions associated with retinal thinning (retinalROI) was conducted using hierarchical clustering to develop a model of retinal and brain neurodegeneration linked to disease progression. Results: The amygdala was the primary component of the visualROI, comprising 32.3% and 14.6% of its left and right volumes. Functional connectivity analysis revealed significant disruptions between the visualROI and medial/lateral visual networks in PD. Covariance analysis identified three clusters within retinalROI: (1) the thalamic nucleus, (2) the amygdala and lateral/occipital visual regions, and (3) frontal regions, including the anterior cingulate cortex and frontal attention networks. Hierarchical clustering suggested a two-phase progression: early amygdala damage (Braak 1–3) disrupting visual network connections, followed by retinal and frontal atrophy (Braak 4–5) exacerbating visual dysfunction. Interpretation: Our findings support a novel, amygdala-centric two-phase model of visual dysfunction in PD. Early amygdala degeneration disrupts visual pathways, while advanced-stage disconnection between the amygdala and frontal regions and retinal neurodegeneration contributes to further visual disability.Ítem Analyzing structural and functional brain changes related to an integrative cognitive remediation program for schizophrenia: a randomized controlled trial(Elsevier B.V., 2023-05) Sampedro, Agurne; Ibarretxe Bilbao, Naroa ; Peña Lasa, Javier ; Cabrera Zubizarreta, Alberto; Sánchez Gómez, Pedro Manuel ; Gómez Gastiasoro, Ainara; Iriarte Yoller, Nagore ; Pavón, Cristóbal ; Tous Espelosín, Mikel ; Ojeda del Pozo, NataliaCognitive remediation has been shown to improve cognition in schizophrenia, but little is known about the specific functional and structural brain changes related to the implementation of an integrative cognitive remediation program. This study analyzed the functional and structural brain changes identified after implementing an integrative cognitive remediation program, REHACOP, in schizophrenia. The program combined cognitive remediation, social cognitive training, and functional and social skills training. The sample included 59 patients that were assigned to either the REHACOP group or an active control group for 20 weeks. In addition to a clinical and neuropsychological assessment, T1-weighted, diffusion-weighted and functional magnetic resonance images were acquired during a resting-state and during a memory paradigm, both at baseline and follow-up. Voxel-based morphometry, tract-based spatial statistics, resting-state functional connectivity, and brain activation analyses during the memory paradigm were performed. Brain changes were assessed with a 2 × 2 repeated-measure analysis of covariance for group x time interaction. Intragroup paired t-tests were also carried out. Repeated-measure analyses revealed improvements in cognition and functional outcome, but no significant brain changes associated with the integrative cognitive remediation program. Intragroup analyses showed greater gray matter volume and cortical thickness in right temporal regions at post-treatment in the REHACOP group. The absence of significant brain-level results associated with cognitive remediation may be partly due to the small sample size, which limited the statistical power of the study. Therefore, further research is needed to clarify whether the temporal lobe may be a key area involved in cognitive improvements following cognitive remediation.Ítem Apathy and brain alterations in Parkinson's disease: a multimodal imaging study(Wiley-Blackwell, 2018-05-28) Lucas Jiménez, Olaia; Ojeda del Pozo, Natalia; Peña Lasa, Javier; Cabrera Zubizarreta, Alberto; Díez Cirarda, María; Gómez Esteban, Juan Carlos ; Gómez Beldarrain, María Ángeles ; Ibarretxe Bilbao, NaroaApathy is a common nonmotor symptom in Parkinson’s disease (PD) affecting 40% of patients. The aim of the study was to investigate brain changes and correlates of frontal, striatal, and limbic pathways related to subclinical symptoms of apathy in PD patients. Thirty-two PD patients divided into low-subclinical symptoms of apathy (LSA) (n = 18) and high-subclinical symptoms of apathy (HSA) (n = 14) and 25 healthy controls (HC) underwent a T1-weighted, diffusion-weighted, and resting-state functional MRI. Apathy was evaluated with the Lille Apathy Rating Scale. Voxel-based morphometry, tract-based spatial statistics, and resting-state functional connectivity (FC) analyses were performed with a region-of-interest approach. HSA-PD showed increased white matter axial and mean diffusivity compared with HC and increased white matter axial diffusivity compared with LSA-PD. HSA-PD showed decreased fronto-striatal and fronto-limbic FC compared with HC and decreased fronto-striatal FC compared with LSA-PD. LSA-PD showed decreased fronto-limbic but increased fronto-striatal FC (hyperconnectivity) compared with HC. No significant differences in grey matter were found. Fronto-striatal FC and white matter axial and mean diffusivity were associated with symptoms of apathy in HSA-PD. The fronto-striatal hyperconnectivity was associated with lower symptoms of apathy in LSA-PD. Findings suggest distinct brain alterations in PD groups with subclinical symptoms of apathy. The increased pattern of activation in LSA-PD, accompanied with lower apathetic symptomatology, might be the initial manifestation of compensatory mechanisms for dysfunctional limbic pathway. The same pattern of hyperconnectivity has been found in other pathologies and the implication of these abnormalities as a cross-disease model for initial apathy symptomatology is further discussed.Ítem Brain white matter correlates of creativity in schizophrenia: a diffusion tensor imaging study(Frontiers Media S.A., 2020-06-23) Sampedro, Agurne; Peña Lasa, Javier; Ibarretxe Bilbao, Naroa; Cabrera Zubizarreta, Alberto; Sánchez Gómez, Pedro Manuel; Gómez Gastiasoro, Ainara; Iriarte Yoller, Nagore; Pavón, Cristóbal; Ojeda del Pozo, NataliaThe relationship between creativity and psychopathology has been a controversial research topic for decades. Specifically, it has been shown that people with schizophrenia have an impairment in creative performance. However, little is known about the brain correlates underlying this impairment. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze whole brain white matter (WM) correlates of several creativity dimensions in people with schizophrenia. Fifty-five patients with schizophrenia underwent diffusion-weighted imaging on a 3T magnetic resonance imaging machine as well as a clinical and a creativity assessment, including verbal and figural creativity measures. Tract-based spatial statistic, implemented in FMRIB Software Library (FSL), was used to assess whole brain WM correlates with different creativity dimensions, controlling for sex, age, premorbid IQ, and medication. Mean fractional anisotropy (FA) in frontal, temporal, subcortical, brain stem, and interhemispheric regions correlated positively with figural originality. The most significant clusters included the right corticospinal tract (cerebral peduncle part) and the right body of the corpus callosum. Verbal creativity did not show any significant correlation. As a whole, these findings suggest that widespread WM integrity is involved in creative performance of patients with schizophrenia. Many of these areas have also been related to creativity in healthy people. In addition, some of these regions have shown to be particularly impaired in schizophrenia, suggesting that these WM alterations could be underlying the worse creative performance found in this pathology.Ítem Contributions of sex, depression, and cognition on brain connectivity dynamics in Parkinson’s disease(Nature Research, 2021-12-16) Díez Cirarda, María ; Gabilondo Cuellar, Iñigo; Ibarretxe Bilbao, Naroa; Gómez Esteban, Juan Carlos; Kim, Jinhee; Lucas Jiménez, Olaia; Pino, Rocío del; Peña Lasa, Javier ; Ojeda del Pozo, Natalia ; Mihaescu, Alexander; Valli, Mikaeel; Acera Gil, María Ángeles ; Cabrera Zubizarreta, Alberto ; Gómez Beldarrain, María Ángeles ; Strafella, Antonio P.Alterations in time-varying functional connectivity (FC) have been found in Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients. To date, very little is known about the influence of sex on brain FC in PD patients and how this could be related to disease severity. The first objective was to evaluate the influence of sex on dynamic FC characteristics in PD patients and healthy controls (HC), while the second aim was to investigate the temporal patterns of dynamic connectivity related to PD motor and non-motor symptoms. Ninety-nine PD patients and sixty-two HC underwent a neuropsychological and clinical assessment. Rs-fMRI and T1-weighted MRI were also acquired. Dynamic FC analyses were performed in the GIFT toolbox. Dynamic FC analyses identified two States: State I, characterized by within-network positive coupling; and State II that showed between-network connectivity, mostly involving somatomotor and visual networks. Sex differences were found in dynamic indexes in HC but these differences were not observed in PD. Hierarchical clustering analysis identified three phenotypically distinct PD subgroups: (1) Subgroup A was characterized by mild motor symptoms; (2) Subgroup B was characterized by depressive and motor symptoms; (3) Subgroup C was characterized by cognitive and motor symptoms. Results revealed that changes in the temporal properties of connectivity were related to the motor/non-motor outcomes of PD severity. Findings suggest that while in HC sex differences may play a certain role in dynamic connectivity patterns, in PD patients, these effects may be overcome by the neurodegenerative process. Changes in the temporal properties of connectivity in PD were mainly related to the clinical markers of PD severity.Ítem Dynamic functional connectivity in Parkinson's disease patients with mild cognitive impairment and normal cognition(Elsevier Inc., 2018-01) Díez Cirarda, María; Strafella, Antonio P. ; Kim, Jinhee; Peña Lasa, Javier ; Ojeda del Pozo, Natalia; Cabrera Zubizarreta, Alberto; Ibarretxe Bilbao, NaroaThe objective was to assess dynamic functional connectivity (FC) and local/global connectivity in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients with mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI) and with normal cognition (PD-NC). The sample included 35 PD patients and 26 healthy controls (HC). Cognitive assessment followed an extensive neuropsychological battery. For resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) analysis, independent component analysis (ICA) was performed and components were located in 7 networks: Subcortical (SC), Auditory (AUD), Somatomotor (SM), visual (VI), cognitive-control (CC), default-mode (DMN), and cerebellar (CB). Dynamic FC analysis was performed using the GIFT toolbox. FC differences between groups in each FC state were analysed with the network-based statistic (NBS) approach. Finally, a graph-theoretical analysis for local/global parameters was performed. The whole sample showed 2 dynamic FC states during the rs-fMRI. PD-MCI patients showed decreased mean dwell time in the hypo-connectivity state (p = 0.030) and showed increased number of state transitions (p = 0.007) compared with the HC. In addition, in the hypo-connectivity state, PD-MCI patients showed reduced inter-network FC between the SM-CC, SM-VI, SM-AUD, CC-VI and SC-DMN compared with the HC (p < 0.05-FDR). These FC alterations in PD-MCI were accompanied by graph-topological alterations in nodes located in the SM network (p < 0.001). In contrast, no differences were found between the PD-NC and HC. Findings suggest the presence of dynamic functional brain deteriorations in PD-MCI that are not present in PD-NC, showing the PD-MCI group dynamic FC dysfunctions, reduced FC mostly between SM-CC networks and graph-topological deteriorations in the SM network. A dynamic FC approach could be helpful to understand cognitive deterioration in PD.Ítem Erratum: Right fronto-insular white matter tracts link cognitive reserve and pain in migraine patients(Springer-Verlag Italia s.r.l., 2016-03-11) Gómez Beldarrain, María Ángeles; Oroz, Isabel; García-Zapirain, Begoña; Fernandez-Ruanova, Begoña; García Chimeno, Yolanda; Cabrera Zubizarreta, Alberto; Antón Ladislao, Ane; Aguirre Larracoechea, Urko; García-Moncó Carra, Juan CarlosAfter the publication of the original article [1] it was brought to our attention that one of the authors’ names was incorrectly reported by the authors. The original spelling reads as ‘Yolanda Garcia Fernandez’, however, the correct spelling of the name should read as Yolanda Garcia-Chimeno. Please accept the authors’ most sincere apologies for this mistake.Ítem Increased brain connectivity and activation after cognitive rehabilitation in Parkinson’s disease: a randomized controlled trial(Springer New York LLC, 2017) Díez Cirarda, María; Ojeda del Pozo, Natalia ; Peña Lasa, Javier ; Cabrera Zubizarreta, Alberto; Lucas Jiménez, Olaia ; Gómez Esteban, Juan Carlos ; Gómez Beldarrain, María Ángeles ; Ibarretxe Bilbao, NaroaCognitive rehabilitation programs have demonstrated efficacy in improving cognitive functions in Parkinson’s disease (PD), but little is known about cerebral changes associated with an integrative cognitive rehabilitation in PD. To assess structural and functional cerebral changes in PD patients, after attending a three-month integrative cognitive rehabilitation program (REHACOP). Forty-four PD patients were randomly divided into REHACOP group (cognitive rehabilitation) and a control group (occupational therapy). T1-weighted, diffusion weighted and functional magnetic resonance images (fMRI) during resting-state and during a memory paradigm (with learning and recognition tasks) were acquired at pre-treatment and post-treatment. Cerebral changes were assessed with repeated measures ANOVA 2 × 2 for group x time interaction. During resting-state fMRI, the REHACOP group showed significantly increased brain connectivity between the left inferior temporal lobe and the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex compared to the control group. Moreover, during the recognition fMRI task, the REHACOP group showed significantly increased brain activation in the left middle temporal area compared to the control group. During the learning fMRI task, the REHACOP group showed increased brain activation in the left inferior frontal lobe at post-treatment compared to pre-treatment. No significant structural changes were found between pre- and post-treatment. Finally, the REHACOP group showed significant and positive correlations between the brain connectivity and activation and the cognitive performance at post-treatment. This randomized controlled trial suggests that an integrative cognitive rehabilitation program can produce significant functional cerebral changes in PD patients and adds evidence to the efficacy of cognitive rehabilitation programs in the therapeutic approach for PD.Ítem Long-term effects of cognitive rehabilitation on brain, functional outcome and cognition in Parkinson's disease(Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 2018-01) Díez Cirarda, María; Ojeda del Pozo, Natalia ; Peña Lasa, Javier ; Cabrera Zubizarreta, Alberto; Lucas Jiménez, Olaia; Gómez Esteban, Juan Carlos; Gómez Beldarrain, María Ángeles; Ibarretxe Bilbao, NaroaCognitive rehabilitation has demonstrated efficacy inproducing short-term cognitive and brain changes in patients with Parkinson’sdisease (PD). To date, no study has assessed the long-term effects of cognitiverehabilitation using neuroimaging techniques in PD. The aim was to assess thelongitudinal effects of a 3-month cognitive rehabilitation programme evaluatingthe cognitive, behavioural and neuroimaging changes after 18 months. Fifteen patients with PD underwent a cognitive, behavioural andneuroimaging assessment at pre-treatment (T 0), post-treatment (T 1 ) and after18 months (T 2 ). This study examined the long-term effects (from T 0 to T2)and the maintenance of the changes (from T1 to T2 ). T1-weighted, diffusion-weighted, functional magnetic resonance imaging during both a resting-stateand a memory paradigm were acquired. Voxel-based morphometry and tract-based spatial statistics were used for grey and white matter analyses. A region-of-interest-to-region-of-interest approach was used for resting-state functionalconnectivity (FC) and a model-based approach was used for brain activationduring the memory paradigm. Patients with PD showed increased cognitive performance, decreasedfunctional disability, increased brain FC and activation at T2 compared with T0(P < 0.05, FDR). Moreover, patients showed maintenance of the improvementsin cognition and functionality, and maintenance of the increased brain FC andactivation at T2 compared with T1. However, significant grey matter reductionand alterations of white matter integrity were found at T2 (P < 0.05, FWE). Findings suggest that the improved cognitive performance andincreased brain FC and activation after cognitive rehabilitation were signifi-cantly maintained after 18 months in patients with PD, despite the structuralbrain changes, consistent with a progression of neurodegenerative processes.Ítem Neuroanatomical correlates of theory of mind deficit in Parkinson's disease: a multimodal imaging study(Public Library of Science, 2015-11-11) Díez Cirarda, María; Ojeda del Pozo, Natalia; Peña Lasa, Javier; Cabrera Zubizarreta, Alberto; Gómez Beldarrain, María Ángeles; Gómez Esteban, Juan Carlos; Ibarretxe Bilbao, NaroaBackground: Parkinson's disease (PD) patients show theory of mind (ToM) deficit since the early stages of the disease, and this deficit has been associated with working memory, executive functions and quality of life impairment. To date, neuroanatomical correlates of ToM have not been assessed with magnetic resonance imaging in PD. The main objective of this study was to assess cerebral correlates of ToM deficit in PD. The second objective was to explore the relationships between ToM, working memory and executive functions, and to analyse the neural correlates of ToM, controlling for both working memory and executive functions. Methods: Thirty-seven PD patients (Hoehn and Yahr median = 2.0) and 15 healthy controls underwent a neuropsychological assessment and magnetic resonance images in a 3T-scanner were acquired. T1-weighted images were analysed with voxel-based morphometry, and white matter integrity and diffusivity measures were obtained from diffusion weighted images and analysed using tract-based spatial statistics. Results: PD patients showed impairments in ToM, working memory and executive functions; grey matter loss and white matter reduction compared to healthy controls. Grey matter volume decrease in the precentral and postcentral gyrus, middle and inferior frontal gyrus correlated with ToM deficit in PD. White matter in the superior longitudinal fasciculus (adjacent to the parietal lobe) and white matter adjacent to the frontal lobe correlated with ToM impairment in PD. After controlling for executive functions, the relationship between ToM deficit and white matter remained significant for white matter areas adjacent to the precuneus and the parietal lobe. Conclusions: Findings reinforce the existence of ToM impairment from the early Hoehn and Yahr stages in PD, and the findings suggest associations with white matter and grey matter volume decrease. This study contributes to better understand ToM deficit and its neural correlates in PD, which is a basic skill for development of healthy social relationships.Ítem Neuropsychological profile of hereditary ataxias: study of 38 patients(Oxford University Press, 2022-08) García Martín, Maitane; Rouco Axpe, Idoia; Amayra Caro, Imanol; Rodríguez-Antigüedad Zarranz, Alfredo; Catalli, Claudio; Cabrera Zubizarreta, Alberto; Rodríguez Bermejo, Alicia Aurora; Pérez Álvarez, ManuelHereditary ataxias are a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by degeneration of the cerebellum and its connections. It is known that patients with ataxia can manifest a broad spectrum of motor symptoms; however, current research has emphasized the relevance of cognitive disturbances. The aim of this study is to analyze the presence of cognitive impairment in a heterogeneous cohort of patients with hereditary ataxia (HA). A group of 38 patients with HA of different etiologies and a matched group of 38 healthy controls were recruited and evaluated through a comprehensive battery of neuropsychological tests. The findings show a worse performance in ataxic patients on planning, visuospatial skills, naming, and Theory of Mind tasks, regardless their physical and psychological symptomatology. The influence of clinical status as well as functional ability-related variables on their performance were analyzed, showing that the level of disability and motor disturbances have a significant effect on verbal memory, verbal fluency, and working memory. These findings suggest that patients with HA can manifest cognitive and neuropsychiatric symptoms as part of their clinical features, which demands its inclusion for the diagnosis and management of the diseaseÍtem Right fronto-insular white matter tracts link cognitive reserve and pain in migraine patients(Springer-Verlag Italia s.r.l., 2016-02-01) Gómez Beldarrain, María Ángeles; Oroz, Isabel; García-Zapirain, Begoña; Fernandez-Ruanova, Begoña; García Fernández, Yolanda; Cabrera Zubizarreta, Alberto; Antón Ladislao, Ane; Aguirre Larracoechea, Urko; García-Moncó Carra, Juan CarlosBackground: Structural white matter abnormalities in pain-modulating, regions are present in migraine. Whether they are associated with pain chronification and with cognitive reserve is unclear. Methods: Prospective, cohort, six-month study of adult patients with episodic or chronic migraine, and controls. Cognitive reserve, quality of life, impact of pain on daily living, depression and anxiety were assessed. Participants underwent a diffusion-tensor MRI to establish the integrity of white matter tracts of three regions of interest (ROIs) implicated in pain modulation, emotion, cognition and resilience (anterior insula, anterior cingulate gyrus, and uncinate fasciculus). Results: Fifty-two individuals were enrolled: 19 episodic migraine patients, 18 chronic migraine patients, and 15 controls. The analysis of the fractional anisotropy in the ROIs showed that those patients with the poorest prognosis (i.e., those with chronic migraine despite therapy at six months -long-term chronic migraneurs) had a significantly lower fractional anisotropy in the right ROIs. Participants with higher cognitive reserve also had greater fractional anisotropy in the right anterior insula and both cingulate gyri. Multivariate analysis showed a significant association between cognitive reserve, migraine frequency, and fractional anisotropy in the right-sided regions of interest. Conclusions: Long-term chronic migraine patients show abnormalities in anterior white matter tracts, particularly of the right hemisphere, involved in pain modulation emotion, cognition and resilience. Robustness in these areas is associated with a higher cognitive reserve, which in turn might result in a lower tendency to migraine chronification.Ítem Verbal memory in Parkinson's disease: a combined DTI and fMRI study(IOS Press, 2015-11-21) Lucas Jiménez, Olaia; Díez Cirarda, María; Ojeda del Pozo, Natalia; Peña Lasa, Javier; Cabrera Zubizarreta, Alberto; Ibarretxe Bilbao, NaroaBackground: While significant progress has been made to determine the functional role of specific gray matter areas underlying verbal memory in Parkinsons disease (PD), very little is known about the relationship between these regions and their underlying white matter structures. Objective: The objectives of this study were (1) to investigate verbal memory, fractional anisotropy and brain activation differences between PD patients and healthy controls (HC), (2) to explore the neuroanatomical and neurofunctional correlates of verbal memory in PD, and (3) to investigate the relationship between these neuroanatomical and neurofunctional verbal memory correlates in PD. Methods: Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while performing a verbal memory paradigm and diffusion tensor imaging data (DTI), were acquired in 37 PD patients and 15 age-, sex-, and education-matched HC. Results: PD patients showed verbal recognition memory impairment, lower fractional anisotropy in the anterior cingulate tract, and lower brain activation in the inferior orbitofrontal cortex compared to HC. Brain activation in the inferior orbitofrontal cortex correlated significantly with verbal recognition memory impairment in PD patients. In addition, a relationship between brain activation in the inferior orbitofrontal cortex and fractional anisotropy of the uncinate fasciculus was found in PD. Conclusions: These results reveal that deficits in verbal memory in PD are accompanied by functional brain activation changes, but also have specific structural correlates related to white matter microstructural integrity.