Speed of sound and shear wave speed for calf soft tissue composition and nonlinearity assessment

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dc.contributor.authorKorta Martiartu, Naiara
dc.contributor.authorNakhostin, Dominik
dc.contributor.authorRuby, Lisa
dc.contributor.authorFrauenfelder, Thomas
dc.contributor.authorRominger, Martha B.
dc.contributor.authorSanabria Martín, Sergio José
dc.date.accessioned2026-03-13T11:21:03Z
dc.date.available2026-03-13T11:21:03Z
dc.date.issued2021-09
dc.date.updated2026-03-13T11:21:03Z
dc.description.abstractBackground: The purpose of this study was threefold: (I) to study the correlation of speed-of-sound (SoS) and shear-wave-speed (SWS) ultrasound (US) in the gastrocnemius muscle, (II) to use reproducible tissue compression to characterize tissue nonlinearity effects, and (III) to compare the potential of SoS and SWS for tissue composition assessment. Methods: Twenty gastrocnemius muscles of 10 healthy young subjects (age range, 23–34 years, two females and eight males) were prospectively examined with both clinical SWS (GE Logiq E9, in m/s) and a prototype system that measures SoS (in m/s). A reflector was positioned opposite the US probe as a timing reference for SoS, with the muscle in between. Reproducible tissue compression was applied by reducing probe-reflector distance in 5 mm steps. The Ogden hyperelastic model and the acoustoelastic theory were used to characterize SoS and SWS variations with tissue compression and extract novel metrics related to tissue nonlinearity. The body fat percentage (BF%) of the subjects was estimated using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Results: A weak negative correlation was observed between SWS and SoS (r=−0.28, P=0.002). SWS showed an increasing trend with increasing tissue compression (P=0.10) while SoS values decayed nonlinearly (P<0.001). The acoustoelastic modeling showed a weak correlation for SWS (r=−0.36, P<0.001) but a very strong correlation for SoS (r=0.86, P<0.001), which was used to extract the SoS acoustoelastic parameter. SWS showed higher variability between both calves [intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) =0.62, P=0.08] than SoS (ICC =0.91, P<0.001). Correlations with BF% were strong and positive for SWS (r=0.60, P<0.001), moderate and negative for SoS (r=−0.43, P=0.05), and moderate positive for SoS acoustoelastic parameter (r=0.48, P=0.03). Conclusions: SWS and SoS provide independent information about tissue elastic properties. SWS correlated stronger with BF% than SoS, but measurements were less reliable. SoS enabled the extraction of novel metrics related to tissue nonlinearity with potential complementary information.en
dc.description.sponsorshipThis project has been generously supported by a donation from Hans-Peter-Wild to the University Hospital Zurich Foundation. Sergio J. Sanabria was supported by the mobility grant 0141/2019 from Gottfried and Julia Bangerter-Rhyner foundationen
dc.identifier.citationMartiartu, N. K., Nakhostin, D., Ruby, L., Frauenfelder, T., Rominger, M. B., & Sanabria, S. J. (2021). Speed of sound and shear wave speed for calf soft tissue composition and nonlinearity assessment. Quantitative Imaging in Medicine and Surgery, 11(9), 4149-4161. https://doi.org/10.21037/QIMS-20-1321
dc.identifier.doi10.21037/QIMS-20-1321
dc.identifier.eissn2223-4306
dc.identifier.issn2223-4292
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14454/5437
dc.language.isoeng
dc.publisherAME Publishing Company
dc.subject.otherGastrocnemius
dc.subject.otherShear wave speed
dc.subject.otherSkeletal muscle
dc.subject.otherSpeed of sound
dc.subject.otherTissue nonlinearity
dc.subject.otherUltrasound (US)
dc.titleSpeed of sound and shear wave speed for calf soft tissue composition and nonlinearity assessmenten
dc.typejournal article
dcterms.accessRightsopen access
oaire.citation.endPage4161
oaire.citation.issue9
oaire.citation.startPage4149
oaire.citation.titleQuantitative Imaging in Medicine and Surgery
oaire.citation.volume11
oaire.licenseConditionhttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
oaire.versionVoR
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