Quantification of immobilization-induced changes in human calf muscle using speed-of-sound ultrasound: an observational pilot study

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dc.contributor.authorRuby, Lisa
dc.contributor.authorSanabria Martín, Sergio José
dc.contributor.authorMartini, Katharina
dc.contributor.authorFrauenfelder, Thomas
dc.contributor.authorJukema, Gerrolt Nico
dc.contributor.authorGoksel, Orcun
dc.contributor.authorRominger, Marga B.
dc.date.accessioned2026-09-18T07:27:30Z
dc.date.available2026-09-18T07:27:30Z
dc.date.issued2021-03-19
dc.date.updated2026-09-18T07:27:30Z
dc.description.abstractShort-term immobilization leads to fatty muscular degeneration, which is associated with various negative health effects. Based on literature showing very high correlations between MRI Dixon fat fraction and Speed-of-Sound (SoS), we hypothesized that we can detect short-term-immobilization-induced differences in SoS.Both calves of 10 patients with a calf cast on one side for a mean duration of 41 ± 26 days were examined in relaxed position using a standard ultrasound machine. Calf perimeters were measured for both sides. A flat Plexiglas-reflector, placed vertically on the opposite side of the probe with the calf in-between, was used as a timing reference for SoS. SoS was both manually annotated by two readers and assessed by an automatic annotation algorithm. The thickness values of the subcutaneous fat and muscle layers were manually read from the B-mode images. Differences between the cast and non-cast calves were calculated with a paired t test. Correlation analysis of SoS and calf perimeter was performed using Pearson's correlation coefficient.Paired t test showed significant differences between the cast and non-cast side for both SoS (P < .01) and leg perimeter (P < .001). SoS was reduced with the number of days after cast installment (r = -0.553, P = .097). No significant differences were found for muscle layer thickness, subcutaneous fat layer thickness, mean fat echo intensity, or mean muscle echo intensity.Short-term-immobilization led to a significant reduction in SoS in the cast calf compared to the healthy calf, indicating a potential role of SoS as a biomarker in detecting immobilization-induced fatty muscular degeneration not visible on B-mode ultrasound.en
dc.description.sponsorshipThis work was generously supported by a donation of Dr Hans-Peter Wild to the University Hospital of Zurich Foundation. Orcun Goksel was funded by a Grant of the Swiss National Science Foundation (179116). Sergio J. Sanabria was additionally funded by the ETH Pioneer Fellowshipen
dc.identifier.citationRuby, L., Sanabria, S. J., Martini, K., Frauenfelder, T., Jukema, G. N., Goksel, O., & Rominger, M. B. (2021). Quantification of immobilization-induced changes in human calf muscle using speed-of-sound ultrasound: an observational pilot study. Medicine (United States), 100(11), E23576. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000023576
dc.identifier.doi10.1097/MD.0000000000023576
dc.identifier.eissn1536-5964
dc.identifier.issn0025-7974
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14454/6661
dc.language.isoeng
dc.publisherLippincott Williams and Wilkins
dc.rights© 2021 the Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.
dc.subject.otherAdipose tissue
dc.subject.otherImmobilization
dc.subject.otherMuscle atrophy
dc.subject.otherRehabilitation
dc.subject.otherSpeed of sound
dc.subject.otherUltrasonography
dc.titleQuantification of immobilization-induced changes in human calf muscle using speed-of-sound ultrasound: an observational pilot studyen
dc.typejournal article
dcterms.accessRightsopen access
oaire.citation.issue11
oaire.citation.startPageE23576
oaire.citation.titleMedicine (United States)
oaire.citation.volume100
oaire.licenseConditionhttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
oaire.versionVoR
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