Compliance ambiental y personas jurídicas: efectos plutofílicos del régimen legal de exoneración de responsabilidad
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2026
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Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Centro Euro-Árabe de Estudios Jurídicos Avanzados
Resumen
El recurso a una estrategia preventiva basada en la anticipación del daño y contención de riesgos sobre los que se cimenta el régimen de responsabilidad penal de las personas jurídicas, cobra especial relevancia en una delincuencia, como la ambiental, donde el principio de prevención resulta prioritario. Esta estrategia, además, posee ventajas para las empresas en el plano de la sanción penal, pues la existencia de un criminal compliance eficaz permitirá obtener a la persona jurídica el “premio” de la exoneración de la responsabilidad. Sin embargo, existirían algunos elementos de la regulación penal española que permitirían cuestionar la eficacia preventiva de esta filosofía autorreguladora como instrumento preventivo. En primer lugar, por las carencias normativas que existen en el ámbito objetivo y subjetivo de aplicación del art. 31 bis en los delitos ambientales. Y en segundo lugar, por el impacto que el régimen legal de exoneración tiene, de acuerdo con las previsiones de los apartados 2, 3 y 4 del art. 31 bis, en función de qué sujeto comete el delito y del tamaño de la empresa, lo que permite cuestionar si estas condiciones de exoneración favorecen a las grandes corporaciones en perjuicio de las pequeñas.
The use of a preventive strategy based on anticipating damage and containing risks, on which the criminal liability regime for legal persons is based, is particularly relevant in crimes such as environmental crimes, where the principle of prevention is a priority. This strategy also has advantages for companies in terms of criminal sanctions, as the existence of effective criminal compliance will allow the legal entity to obtain the “reward” of exemption from liability. However, there are some elements of Spanish criminal law that call into question the preventive effectiveness of this self-regulatory philosophy as a preventive tool. Firstly, because of the regulatory shortcomings that exist in the objective and subjective scope of application of Article 31 bis in environmental crimes. Secondly, because of the impact that the legal exemption regime has, in accordance with the provisions of sections 2, 3, and 4 of Article 31 bis, depending on who commits the crime and the size of the company, which raises the question of whether these conditions for exemption favor large corporations to the detriment of small ones.
The use of a preventive strategy based on anticipating damage and containing risks, on which the criminal liability regime for legal persons is based, is particularly relevant in crimes such as environmental crimes, where the principle of prevention is a priority. This strategy also has advantages for companies in terms of criminal sanctions, as the existence of effective criminal compliance will allow the legal entity to obtain the “reward” of exemption from liability. However, there are some elements of Spanish criminal law that call into question the preventive effectiveness of this self-regulatory philosophy as a preventive tool. Firstly, because of the regulatory shortcomings that exist in the objective and subjective scope of application of Article 31 bis in environmental crimes. Secondly, because of the impact that the legal exemption regime has, in accordance with the provisions of sections 2, 3, and 4 of Article 31 bis, depending on who commits the crime and the size of the company, which raises the question of whether these conditions for exemption favor large corporations to the detriment of small ones.
Palabras clave
Responsabilidad penal de personas jurídicas
Criminal compliance ambiental
Derecho penal del amigo
Exoneración de responsabilidad
Pequeñas y grandes empresas
Criminal liability of legal persons
Environmental criminal compliance
Elite-biased criminal law
Exemption from liability
Small and large companies
Criminal compliance ambiental
Derecho penal del amigo
Exoneración de responsabilidad
Pequeñas y grandes empresas
Criminal liability of legal persons
Environmental criminal compliance
Elite-biased criminal law
Exemption from liability
Small and large companies
Descripción
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Cita
Gil Nobajas, M. S. (2026). Compliance ambiental y personas jurídicas: efectos plutofílicos del régimen legal de exoneración de responsabilidad. Lex social: revista de los derechos sociales, 16, 1-37. https://doi.org/10.46661/LEXSOCIAL.12828