Risky business: linking toxoplasma gondii infection and entrepreneurship behaviours across individuals and countries

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dc.contributor.authorJohnson, Stefanie K.
dc.contributor.authorFitza, Markus
dc.contributor.authorLerner, Daniel
dc.contributor.authorCalhoun, Dana M.
dc.contributor.authorBeldon, Marissa
dc.contributor.authorChan, Elsa
dc.contributor.authorJohnson, Pieter
dc.date.accessioned2026-04-28T12:10:26Z
dc.date.available2026-04-28T12:10:26Z
dc.date.issued2018-07-25
dc.date.updated2026-04-28T12:10:26Z
dc.description.abstractDisciplines such as business and economics often rely on the assumption of rationality when explaining complex human behaviours. However, growing evidence suggests that behaviour may concurrently be influenced by infectious microorganisms. The protozoan Toxoplasma gondii infects an estimated 2 billion people worldwide and has been linked to behavioural alterations in humans and other vertebrates. Here we integrate primary data from college students and business professionals with national-level information on cultural attitudes towards business to test the hypothesis that T. gondii infection influences individual- as well as societal-scale entrepreneurship activities. Using a saliva-based assay, we found that students (n = 1495) who tested IgG positive for T. gondii exposure were 1.4× more likely to major in business and 1.7× more likely to have an emphasis in 'management and entrepreneurship' over other business-related emphases. Among professionals attending entrepreneurship events, T. gondii-positive individuals were 1.8× more likely to have started their own business compared with other attendees (n = 197). Finally, after synthesizing and combining country-level databases on T. gondii infection from the past 25 years with the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor of entrepreneurial activity, we found that infection prevalence was a consistent, positive predictor of entrepreneurial activity and intentions at the national scale, regardless of whether previously identified economic covariates were included. Nations with higher infection also had a lower fraction of respondents citing 'fear of failure' in inhibiting new business ventures. While correlational, these results highlight the linkage between parasitic infection and complex human behaviours, including those relevant to business, entrepreneurship and economic productivity.en
dc.description.sponsorshipSupported by a fellowship from the David and Lucile Packard Foundation, a seed grant from the Colorado State University One Health Program, and a grant from the Deming Center for Entrepreneurshipen
dc.identifier.citationJohnson, S. K., Fitza, M. A., Lerner, D. A., Calhoun, D. M., Beldon, M. A., Chan, E. T., & Johnson, P. T. J. (2018). Risky business: linking toxoplasma gondii infection and entrepreneurship behaviours across individuals and countries. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 285(1883). https://doi.org/10.1098/RSPB.2018.0822
dc.identifier.doi10.1098/RSPB.2018.0822
dc.identifier.eissn1471-2954
dc.identifier.issn0962-8452
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14454/5780
dc.language.isoeng
dc.publisherRoyal Society Publishing
dc.rights© 2018 The Author(s)
dc.subject.otherDisease ecology
dc.subject.otherEmerging infectious disease
dc.subject.otherEntrepreneurship
dc.subject.otherHuman behaviour
dc.subject.otherParasite manipulation
dc.subject.otherToxoplasma gondii
dc.titleRisky business: linking toxoplasma gondii infection and entrepreneurship behaviours across individuals and countriesen
dc.typejournal article
dcterms.accessRightsopen access
oaire.citation.issue1883
oaire.citation.titleProceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
oaire.citation.volume285
oaire.licenseConditionhttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
oaire.versionVoR
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