Individuals who believe in the paranormal expose themselves to biased information and develop more causal illusions than nonbelievers in the laboratory

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dc.contributor.authorBlanco Bregón, Fernando
dc.contributor.authorBarberia Fernández, Itxaso
dc.contributor.authorMatute, Helena
dc.date.accessioned2026-02-27T08:54:26Z
dc.date.available2026-02-27T08:54:26Z
dc.date.issued2015-07-15
dc.date.updated2026-02-27T08:54:26Z
dc.description.abstractIn the reasoning literature, paranormal beliefs have been proposed to be linked to two related phenomena: a biased perception of causality and a biased information-sampling strategy (believers tend to test fewer hypotheses and prefer confirmatory information). In parallel, recent contingency learning studies showed that, when two unrelated events coincide frequently, individuals interpret this ambiguous pattern as evidence of a causal relationship. Moreover, the latter studies indicate that sampling more cause-present cases than cause-absent cases strengthens the illusion. If paranormal believers actually exhibit a biased exposure to the available information, they should also show this bias in the contingency learning task: they would in fact expose themselves to more cause-present cases than cause-absent trials. Thus, by combining the two traditions, we predicted that believers in the paranormal would be more vulnerable to developing causal illusions in the laboratory than nonbelievers because there is a bias in the information they experience. In this study, we found that paranormal beliefs (measured using a questionnaire) correlated with causal illusions (assessed by using contingency judgments). As expected, this correlation was mediated entirely by the believers' tendency to expose themselves to more cause-present cases. The association between paranormal beliefs, biased exposure to information, and causal illusions was only observed for ambiguous materials (i.e., the noncontingent condition). In contrast, the participants' ability to detect causal relationships which did exist (i.e., the contingent condition) was unaffected by their susceptibility to believe in paranormal phenomena.en
dc.description.sponsorshipThis research was supported by Dirección General de Investigación (Spanish Government; Grant PSI2011-26965) and Departamento de Educación, Universidades e Investigación (Basque Government; Grant IT363-10)en
dc.identifier.citationBlanco, F., Barberia, I., & Matute, H. (2015). Individuals who believe in the paranormal expose themselves to biased information and develop more causal illusions than nonbelievers in the laboratory. PLoS ONE, 10(7). https://doi.org/10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0131378
dc.identifier.doi10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0131378
dc.identifier.eissn1932-6203
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14454/5272
dc.language.isoeng
dc.publisherPublic Library of Science
dc.rightsCopyright: © 2015 Blanco et al.
dc.titleIndividuals who believe in the paranormal expose themselves to biased information and develop more causal illusions than nonbelievers in the laboratoryen
dc.typejournal article
dcterms.accessRightsopen access
oaire.citation.issue7
oaire.citation.titlePLoS ONE
oaire.citation.volume10
oaire.licenseConditionhttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
oaire.versionVoR
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