Synergy in the knowledge base of U.S. innovation systems at national, state, and regional levels: the contributions of high-tech manufacturing and knowledge-intensive services

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dc.contributor.authorLeydesdorff, Loet
dc.contributor.authorWagner, Caroline S.
dc.contributor.authorPorto Gómez, Igone
dc.contributor.authorComins, Jordan A.
dc.contributor.authorPhillips, Fred
dc.date.accessioned2026-02-26T12:03:20Z
dc.date.available2026-02-26T12:03:20Z
dc.date.issued2019-10-07
dc.date.updated2026-02-26T12:03:20Z
dc.description.abstractUsing information theory, we measure innovation systemness as synergy among size-classes, ZIP Codes, and technological classes (NACE-codes) for 8.5 million American companies. The synergy at the national level is decomposed at the level of states, Core-Based Statistical Areas (CBSA), and Combined Statistical Areas (CSA). We zoom in to the state of California and in more detail to Silicon Valley. Our results do not support the assumption of a national system of innovations in the U.S.A. Innovation systems appear to operate at the level of the states; the CBSA are too small, so that systemness spills across their borders. Decomposition of the sample in terms of high-tech manufacturing (HTM), medium-high-tech manufacturing (MHTM), knowledge-intensive services (KIS), and high-tech services (HTKIS) does not change this pattern, but refines it. The East Coast—New Jersey, Boston, and New York—and California are the major players, with Texas a third one in the case of HTKIS. Chicago and industrial centers in the Midwest also contribute synergy. Within California, Los Angeles contributes synergy in the sectors of manufacturing, the San Francisco area in KIS. KIS in Silicon Valley and the Bay Area—a CSA composed of seven CBSA—spill over to other regions and even globally.en
dc.description.sponsorshipI.P. acknowledges financial support from the Basque Gov-ernment’s Department of Education, Language Policy andCulture (Grant IT885-16)en
dc.identifier.citationLeydesdorff, L., Wagner, C. S., Porto-Gomez, I., Comins, J. A., & Phillips, F. (2019). Synergy in the knowledge base of U.S. innovation systems at national, state, and regional levels: the contributions of high-tech manufacturing and knowledge-intensive services. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 70(10), 1108-1123. https://doi.org/10.1002/ASI.24182
dc.identifier.doi10.1002/ASI.24182
dc.identifier.eissn2330-1643
dc.identifier.issn2330-1635
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14454/5254
dc.language.isoeng
dc.publisherJohn Wiley and Sons Inc.
dc.rights© 2019 The Authors
dc.titleSynergy in the knowledge base of U.S. innovation systems at national, state, and regional levels: the contributions of high-tech manufacturing and knowledge-intensive servicesen
dc.typejournal article
dcterms.accessRightsopen access
oaire.citation.endPage1123
oaire.citation.issue10
oaire.citation.startPage1108
oaire.citation.titleJournal of the Association for Information Science and Technology
oaire.citation.volume70
oaire.licenseConditionhttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
oaire.versionVoR
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