Experimental analysis of the powder flow in a continuous coaxial nozzle for laser metal deposition

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dc.contributor.authorPedrolli, Lorenzo
dc.contributor.authorArrizubieta Arrate, Jon Iñaki
dc.contributor.authorBonifazi, Giulio
dc.contributor.authorLamikiz, Aitzol
dc.contributor.authorAchiaga, Beatriz
dc.contributor.authorLópez García, Alejandro
dc.date.accessioned2026-04-29T16:51:24Z
dc.date.available2026-04-29T16:51:24Z
dc.date.issued2026-04-01
dc.date.updated2026-04-29T16:51:24Z
dc.description.abstractThis work presents an experimental analysis of the powder flow from a continuous coaxial nozzle for Laser Metal Deposition (LMD), demonstrating the ability to identify the transients and high-speed process flow dynamics. High-speed video tracking of individual particles enabled detailed analysis of size, spatial distribution, and velocities, revealing significant flowrate variations over time of up to, which may compromise deposition quality. These oscillations emerge from the large number of interactions among particles, carrier gas, and nozzle walls, reflecting complex, self-excited flow dynamics not captured by time-averaged measurements. The standoff distance, defined as the optimal distance between the nozzle and the workpiece, was determined with unprecedented temporal resolution. In the most representative case, the average standoff distance was found to be approximately, with oscillations over time of up to, due to variations in both particle trajectories and quantity over time. The particle size distribution was consistent with the manufacturer’s specifications, a good indication of the method’s accuracy, and an error estimation is performed to determine the expected precision of the measurements. A key aspect of this work, and its main contribution, is the development of a workflow capable of tracking individual particles to determine the instantaneous powder mass flowrate, providing a reliable approach to monitor and optimize powder delivery in the LMD process.en
dc.identifier.citationPedrolli, L., Arrizubieta Arrate, J. I., Bonifazi, G., Lamikiz, A., Achiaga, B., & Lopez, A. (2026). Experimental analysis of the powder flow in a continuous coaxial nozzle for laser metal deposition. Progress in Additive Manufacturing, 11(4), 4477-4495. https://doi.org/10.1007/S40964-026-01600-3
dc.identifier.doi10.1007/S40964-026-01600-3
dc.identifier.eissn2363-9520
dc.identifier.issn2363-9512
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14454/5820
dc.language.isoeng
dc.publisherSpringer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH
dc.rights© The Author(s) 2026
dc.subject.otherDirected energy deposition (DED)
dc.subject.otherFlow characterization
dc.subject.otherHigh-speed imaging
dc.subject.otherLaser metal deposition (LMD)
dc.subject.otherParticle tracking
dc.subject.otherPowder delivery
dc.subject.otherStandoff distance
dc.titleExperimental analysis of the powder flow in a continuous coaxial nozzle for laser metal depositionen
dc.typejournal article
dcterms.accessRightsopen access
oaire.citation.endPage4495
oaire.citation.issue4
oaire.citation.startPage4477
oaire.citation.titleProgress in Additive Manufacturing
oaire.citation.volume11
oaire.licenseConditionhttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
oaire.versionVoR
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