The gender gap in the care economy is larger in highly developed countries: sociocultural explanations for paradoxical findings

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dc.contributor.authorBlock,K.
dc.contributor.authorOlsson,M.I.T.
dc.contributor.authorvan Grootel,S.
dc.contributor.authorSchuster,C.
dc.contributor.authorMeeussen,L.
dc.contributor.authorVan Laar,C.
dc.contributor.authorMartiny,S.E.
dc.contributor.authorCroft,A.
dc.contributor.authorSun,M.S.
dc.contributor.authorWee,S.
dc.contributor.authorAinsaar,M.
dc.contributor.authorAarntzen,L.
dc.contributor.authorAdamus,M.
dc.contributor.authorAnderson,J.
dc.contributor.authorAtkinson,C.
dc.contributor.authorAvicenna,M.
dc.contributor.authorBąbel,P.
dc.contributor.authorBarth,M.
dc.contributor.authorBenson-Greenwald,T.M.
dc.contributor.authorMaloku,E.
dc.contributor.authorBerent,J.
dc.contributor.authorBergsieker,H.B.
dc.contributor.authorBiernat,M.
dc.contributor.authorBîrneanu,A.G.
dc.contributor.authorBodinaku,B.
dc.contributor.authorBosak,J.
dc.contributor.authorBosson,J.
dc.contributor.authorBranković,M.
dc.contributor.authorBurkauskas,J.
dc.contributor.authorČavojová,V.
dc.contributor.authorCheryan,S.
dc.contributor.authorChoi,E.
dc.contributor.authorChoi,I.
dc.contributor.authorContreras-Ibáñez,C.C.
dc.contributor.authorCoogan,A.
dc.contributor.authorDanyliuk,I.
dc.contributor.authorDar-Nimrod,I.
dc.contributor.authorDasgupta,N.
dc.contributor.authorde Lemus,S.
dc.contributor.authorDevos,T.
dc.contributor.authorDiab,M.
dc.contributor.authorDiekman,A.B.
dc.contributor.authorEfremova,M.
dc.contributor.authorEisner,L.
dc.contributor.authorEller,A.
dc.contributor.authorErentaitė,R.
dc.contributor.authorFedáková,D.
dc.contributor.authorFranc,R.
dc.contributor.authorGartzia Fernández, Leire
dc.contributor.authorGavreliuc,A.
dc.contributor.authorGavreliuc,D.
dc.contributor.authorGecaite-Stonciene,J.
dc.contributor.authorGermano,A.L.
dc.contributor.authorGiovannelli,I.
dc.contributor.authorGismondi Diaz,R.
dc.contributor.authorGitikhmayeva,L.
dc.contributor.authorMenkir Gizaw,A.
dc.contributor.authorGjoneska,B.
dc.contributor.authorGonzález,O.M.
dc.contributor.authorGonzález,R.
dc.contributor.authorGrijalva,I.D.
dc.contributor.authorGüngör,D.
dc.contributor.authorGustafsson Sendén,M.
dc.contributor.authorHall,W.
dc.contributor.authorHarb,C.
dc.contributor.authorHassan,B.
dc.contributor.authorHässler,T.
dc.contributor.authorHawi,D.R.
dc.contributor.authorHenningsen,L.
dc.contributor.authorHoppe,A.
dc.contributor.authorIshii,K.
dc.contributor.authorJakšić,I.
dc.contributor.authorJasini,A.
dc.contributor.authorJurkevičienė,J.
dc.contributor.authorKelmendi,K.
dc.contributor.authorKirby,T.A.
dc.contributor.authorKitakaji,Y.
dc.contributor.authorKosakowska-Berezecka,N.
dc.contributor.authorKozytska,I.
dc.contributor.authorKulich,C.
dc.contributor.authorKundtová-Klocová,E.
dc.contributor.authorKunuroglu,F.
dc.contributor.authorLapytskaia Aidy,C.
dc.contributor.authorLee,A.
dc.contributor.authorEneroth,A.
dc.contributor.authorLópez-López,W.
dc.contributor.authorLuzvinda,L.
dc.contributor.authorMaricchiolo,F.
dc.contributor.authorMartinot,D.
dc.contributor.authorMcNamara,R.A.
dc.contributor.authorMeister,A.
dc.contributor.authorMelka,T.L.
dc.contributor.authorMickuviene,N.
dc.contributor.authorMiranda-Orrego,M.I.
dc.contributor.authorMkamwa,T.
dc.contributor.authorMorandini,J.
dc.contributor.authorMorton,T.
dc.contributor.authorMrisho,D.
dc.contributor.authorNikitin,J.
dc.contributor.authorOtten,S.
dc.contributor.authorPacilli,M.G.
dc.contributor.authorPage-Gould,E.
dc.contributor.authorPerandrés-Gómez,A.
dc.contributor.authorPizarro Pérez, Jon
dc.contributor.authorPop-Jordanova,N.
dc.contributor.authorPyrkosz-Pacyna,J.
dc.contributor.authorQouta,S.
dc.contributor.authorRamis,T.
dc.contributor.authorRani,N.
dc.contributor.authorRedersdorff,S.
dc.contributor.authorRégner,I.
dc.contributor.authorRenström,E.A.
dc.contributor.authorRivera-Rodriguez,A.
dc.contributor.authorRocha-Sánchez,T.E.
dc.contributor.authorRyabichenko,T.
dc.contributor.authorSaab,R.
dc.contributor.authorSakata,K.
dc.contributor.authorSamekin,A.
dc.contributor.authorSánchez-Pachecho,T.
dc.contributor.authorScheifele,C.
dc.contributor.authorSchulmeyer,M.K.
dc.contributor.authorSczesny,S.
dc.contributor.authorSirlopú,D.
dc.contributor.authorSmith-Castro,V.
dc.contributor.authorSoo,K.
dc.contributor.authorSpaccatini,F.
dc.contributor.authorSteele,J.R.
dc.contributor.authorSteffens,M.C.
dc.contributor.authorSucic,I.
dc.contributor.authorVandello,J.
dc.contributor.authorVelásquez-Díaz,L.M.
dc.contributor.authorVink,M.
dc.contributor.authorVives,E.
dc.contributor.authorWarkineh,T.Z.
dc.contributor.authorŽeželj,I.
dc.contributor.authorZhang,X.
dc.contributor.authorZhao,X.
dc.contributor.authorSchmader,T.
dc.date.accessioned2026-03-16T14:06:11Z
dc.date.available2026-03-16T14:06:11Z
dc.date.issued2026-02-01
dc.date.updated2026-03-16T14:06:11Z
dc.description.abstractDespite the growing demand for care economy employees (e.g., nurses, teachers, and social workers), men remain underrepresented in these careers. While economically developed countries support more equal rights for women and men, their labor markets are highly gender segregated (Charles, 1992, 2003). We conducted a focused investigation of this paradoxical pattern in the care economy, testing whether gender gaps in care economy career interest are larger in more economically developed countries and, if so, what psychological and cultural factors underlie these patterns. We examined these questions with labor data from 70 countries (Study 1) and a preregistered study of career interests among 19,240 university students from 49 countries (Study 2). Although more economically developed countries tend to promote greater gender equality, our results reveal that the gender gap in care economy representation (Study 1) and interest (Study 2) is especially large in such countries. We did not observe parallel patterns for science, technology, engineering, and mathematics representation or interest. Results from Study 2 supported an integrated theoretical account of this development paradox in care economy interest: Cross-national variation in the gender gap in care economy interest was predicted by country-level variation in economic development and individualism/collectivism but not by self-expression values or country-level gender equality, countering prior (controversial) claims of a gender equality paradox. Furthermore, larger gender gaps in communal values (e.g., men's lower valuing of helping and caring for others) were a proximal predictor of larger gender gaps in care economy interest in highly economically developed countries. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).en
dc.description.sponsorshipThis research project was conceived following the award of a Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC) Insight Development Grant awarded to Toni Schmader (Grant 430-2018-00361). Additional funding included an SSHRC Insight Grant awarded to Jennifer R. Steele (Grant 435-2014-1247) and an SSHRC doctoral fellowship awarded to Christina Lapytskaia Aidy; funding from the HSE University Basic Research Program, Russian Federation, awarded to Tatiana Ryabichenko and Maria Efremova; a grant from the Economic and Social Research Council awarded to Teri A. Kirby (Grant ES/S00274X/1); funding from MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 ERDF/EU awarded to Soledad de Lemus (Grant PID2022.141182NB.I00); funding from Guangdong 13th five-year Philosophy and Social Science Planning Project (GD20CXL06) + National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant 31600912) awarded to Xiao Xiao Zhang; funding from the research infrastructure Experimental Humanities Laboratory, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University awarded to Eva Kundtová-Klocová; funding from the Scholarships and Grants Department of the University of Deusto awarded to Leire Gartzia; a grant from the Swiss National Science Foundation awarded to Tabea Hässler (Grant P1ZHP1_184553) and Léïla Eisner (Grants P2LAP1_194987 and P500PS_206546); funding from the Slovak National Scientific Grant Agencies (VEGA 2/0146/22 and APVV-20-0319); funding from the Center for Social Conflict and Cohesion Studies (ANID/FONDAP No.15130009) and the Center for Intercultural and Indigenous Research (ANID/FONDAP No. 15110006) awarded to Roberto González; an SSHRC Postdoctoral Fellowship (Grant 756-2017-0249) awarded to William Hall; and funding from Canada Research Chairs (Grant 152583), the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (Insight Grant 140649), and the Ontario Ministry of Research and Innovation (Early Research Award 152655) awarded to Elizabeth Page-Gould. The authors thank Jeremy Biesanz for statistical advice.en
dc.identifier.citationBlock, K., Olsson, M. I. T., van Grootel, S., Schuster, C., Meeussen, L., Van Laar, C., Martiny, S. E., Croft, A., Sun, M. S., Wee, S., Ainsaar, M., Aarntzen, L., Adamus, M., Anderson, J., Atkinson, C., Avicenna, M., Bąbel, P., Barth, M., Benson-Greenwald, T. M., et al. (2026). The gender gap in the care economy is larger in highly developed countries: sociocultural explanations for paradoxical findings. The American psychologist, 81(2), 221-237. https://doi.org/10.1037/AMP0001512
dc.identifier.doi10.1037/AMP0001512
dc.identifier.eissn1935-990X
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14454/5475
dc.language.isoeng
dc.subject.otherGender differences
dc.subject.otherCommunal values
dc.subject.otherNational gender roles
dc.subject.otherCareer interest
dc.subject.otherGender equality paradox
dc.titleThe gender gap in the care economy is larger in highly developed countries: sociocultural explanations for paradoxical findingsen
dc.typejournal article
dcterms.accessRightsopen access
oaire.citation.endPage237
oaire.citation.issue2
oaire.citation.startPage221
oaire.citation.titleThe American psychologist
oaire.citation.volume81
oaire.licenseConditionhttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
oaire.versionVoR
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