‘Free to be me?’: gender role norms constrain career interests less for lesbian, gay and bisexual people than for heterosexual people.

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dc.contributor.authorBlock, Katharina
dc.contributor.authorHe,J.Y.
dc.contributor.authorOlsson,M.I.T.
dc.contributor.authorVan Grootel,S.
dc.contributor.authorMartiny,S.E.
dc.contributor.authorSchmader,T.
dc.contributor.authorVan Laar,C.
dc.contributor.authorSchuster,C.
dc.contributor.authorMeeussen,L.
dc.contributor.authorHässler,T.
dc.contributor.authorCroft,A.
dc.contributor.authorWee,S.X.R.
dc.contributor.authorSun,M.S.
dc.contributor.authorAinsaar,M.
dc.contributor.authorAarntzen,L.
dc.contributor.authorAdamus,M.
dc.contributor.authorAtkinson,C.
dc.contributor.authorAvicenna,M.
dc.contributor.authorBąbel,P.
dc.contributor.authorBarth,M.
dc.contributor.authorBenson-Greenwald,T.M.
dc.contributor.authorMaloku,E.
dc.contributor.authorBerent,J.
dc.contributor.authorBergsieker,H.B.
dc.contributor.authorBiernat,M.
dc.contributor.authorBîrneanu,A.G.
dc.contributor.authorBodinaku,B.
dc.contributor.authorBosak,J.
dc.contributor.authorBosson,J.
dc.contributor.authorBranković,M.
dc.contributor.authorBurkauskas,J.
dc.contributor.authorČavojová,V.
dc.contributor.authorCheryan,S.
dc.contributor.authorChoi,E.
dc.contributor.authorChoi,I.
dc.contributor.authorContreras Ibañez, Carlos César
dc.contributor.authorCoogan,A.
dc.contributor.authorDanyliuk,I.
dc.contributor.authorDar-Nimrod,I.
dc.contributor.authorDasgupta,N.
dc.contributor.authorde Lemus,S.
dc.contributor.authorDevos,T.
dc.contributor.authorDiab,M.
dc.contributor.authorDiekman,A.B.
dc.contributor.authorEisner,L.
dc.contributor.authorEller,A.
dc.contributor.authorErentaitė,R.
dc.contributor.authorFedáková,D.
dc.contributor.authorFranc,R.
dc.contributor.authorGartzia Fernández, Leire
dc.contributor.authorGavreliuc,A.
dc.contributor.authorGavreliuc,D.
dc.contributor.authorGecaite-Stonciene,J.
dc.contributor.authorGermano,A.L.
dc.contributor.authorGiovannelli,I.
dc.contributor.authorGismondi Diaz,R.
dc.contributor.authorGitikhmayeva,L.
dc.contributor.authorGizaw,A.M.
dc.contributor.authorGjoneska,B.
dc.contributor.authorMartínez González, Óscar
dc.contributor.authorGonzález,R.
dc.contributor.authorGrijalva,I.D.
dc.contributor.authorGüngör,D.
dc.contributor.authorGustafsson Sendén,M.
dc.contributor.authorHall,W.
dc.contributor.authorHarb,C.
dc.contributor.authorHassan,B.
dc.contributor.authorHawi,D.R.
dc.contributor.authorHenningsen,L.
dc.contributor.authorHoppe,A.
dc.contributor.authorIshii,K.
dc.contributor.authorJakšić,I.
dc.contributor.authorJasini,A.
dc.contributor.authorJurkevičienė,J.
dc.contributor.authorKelmendi,K.
dc.contributor.authorKirby,T.A.
dc.contributor.authorKitakaji,Y.
dc.contributor.authorKosakowska-Berezecka,N.
dc.contributor.authorKozytska,I.
dc.contributor.authorKulich,C.
dc.contributor.authorKundtová-Klocová,E.
dc.contributor.authorKunuroglu,F.
dc.contributor.authorLapytskaia Aidy,C.
dc.contributor.authorLee,A.
dc.contributor.authorEneroth,A.
dc.contributor.authorLópez-López,W.
dc.contributor.authorLuzvinda,L.
dc.contributor.authorMaricchiolo,F.
dc.contributor.authorMartinot,D.
dc.contributor.authorMcNamara,R.A.
dc.contributor.authorMeister,A.
dc.contributor.authorMelka,T.L.
dc.contributor.authorMickuviene,N.
dc.contributor.authorMiranda-Orrego,M.I.
dc.contributor.authorMkamwa,T.
dc.contributor.authorMorandini,J.
dc.contributor.authorMorton,T.
dc.contributor.authorMrisho,D.
dc.contributor.authorNikitin,J.
dc.contributor.authorOtten,S.
dc.contributor.authorPacilli,M.G.
dc.contributor.authorPage-Gould,E.
dc.contributor.authorPerandrés-Gómez,A.
dc.contributor.authorPizarro,J.
dc.contributor.authorPop-Jordanova,N.
dc.contributor.authorPyrkosz-Pacyna,J.
dc.contributor.authorQouta,S.
dc.contributor.authorRamis,T.
dc.contributor.authorRani,N.
dc.contributor.authorRedersdorff,S.
dc.contributor.authorRégner,I.
dc.contributor.authorRenström,E.A.
dc.contributor.authorRivera-Rodriguez,A.
dc.contributor.authorRocha-Sánchez,T.E.
dc.contributor.authorSaab,R.
dc.contributor.authorSakata,K.
dc.contributor.authorSamekin,A.
dc.contributor.authorSánchez-Pachecho,T.
dc.contributor.authorScheifele,C.
dc.contributor.authorSchulmeyer,M.K.
dc.contributor.authorSczesny,S.
dc.contributor.authorSirlopú,D.
dc.contributor.authorSmith-Castro,V.
dc.contributor.authorSoo,K.
dc.contributor.authorSpaccatini,F.
dc.contributor.authorSteele,J.R.
dc.contributor.authorSteffens,M.C.
dc.contributor.authorSucic,I.
dc.contributor.authorVandello,J.
dc.contributor.authorVelásquez-Díaz,L.M.
dc.contributor.authorVink,M.
dc.contributor.authorVives,E.
dc.contributor.authorWarkineh,T.Z.
dc.contributor.authorŽeželj,I.
dc.contributor.authorZhang,X.
dc.contributor.authorZhao,X.
dc.contributor.authorAnderson,J.
dc.date.accessioned2026-09-03T12:17:07Z
dc.date.available2026-09-03T12:17:07Z
dc.date.issued2026-08-01
dc.date.updated2026-09-03T12:17:07Z
dc.description.abstractSocietal gender role norms play a crucial role in shaping men's and women's career aspirations. However, prior research documenting this key role of gendered norms has primarily focused on heterosexual women and men in the global North-West. Previous studies documenting differences in career interests by sexual orientation suggest that gender role norms might affect lesbian, gay and bisexual (LGB) women and men less strongly than heterosexuals. This large-scale, preregistered study sought to document group differences in norm perceptions, career interests and their relationship. To this end, 18,351 university students (n = 3318 LGB, n = 15,033 heterosexual) from 46 countries completed a self-report survey about their gender, sexual orientation, perceptions of societal gender role norms, as well as their personal gender role beliefs and career interests. Analyses revealed that, compared to heterosexual individuals, LGB individuals reported significantly less stereotypical career interests and endorsed less traditional gender role beliefs about careers. As predicted, perceptions of societal gender role norms predicted career interests for heterosexual but not for LGB participants. Moreover, LGB participants showed a weaker relationship between societal gender role norms and own gender role beliefs than straight participants did. Interestingly, we found no evidence that this effect was conditional on the level of LGBT acceptance in different countries sampled. We discuss implications of this new evidence for understanding occupational gender segregation from an intersectional perspective.en
dc.description.sponsorshipThis research project was conceived following the award of a SSHRCInsight Development Grant to Toni Schmader (430-2018-00361). Additional funding included: A SSHRC Insight Grant awarded to J. R.Steele (435-2014-1247) and a SSHRC doctoral fellowship awarded to C. Lapytskaia Aidy; a grant from the Economic and Social Research Council awarded to Teri A. Kirby (ES/S00274X/1); funding from byMICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 ERDF/EU awarded to Soledad deLemus (Grant PID2022.141182NB.I00); funding from Guangdong 13th-fivePhilosophy and Social Science Planning Project (GD20CXL06) + NationalNatural Science Foundation of China (31600912) awarded to Xiao XiaoZhang; funding from the research infrastructure HUME Lab Experimental Humanities Laboratory, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University awarded to Eva Kundtová-Klocová; funding from the Scholarships and Grants Department of the University of Deusto awarded to Leire Gartzia, a grantfrom the Swiss National Science Foundation awarded to Tabea Hässler (P1ZHP1_184553) and Léïla Eisner (P2LAP1_194987, P500PS_206546); funding from the Slovak National Scientific Grant Agencies (VEGA2/0146/22 & APVV-20-0319); funding from the Center for Social Conflictand Cohesion Studies (ANID/FONDAP #15130009) and the Center for Intercultural and Indigenous Research (ANID/FONDAP #15110006) awarded to Roberto González; a SSHRC Postdoctoral Fellowship (756-2017-0249) awarded to William Hall; and funding from Canada ResearchChairs (CRC 152583), the Social Sciences and Humanities ResearchCouncil (Insight Grant 140649), and the Ontario Ministry of Research and Innovation (Early Research Award 152655) awarded to Elizabeth Page-Gould. Joel Anderson was supported by the Australian Research Council(DE230101636)en
dc.identifier.citationBlock, K., He, J. Y., Olsson, M. I. T., Van Grootel, S., Martiny, S. E., Schmader, T., Van Laar, C., Schuster, C., Meeussen, L., Hässler, T., Croft, A., Wee, S. X. R., Sun, M. S., Ainsaar, M., Aarntzen, L., Adamus, M., Atkinson, C., Avicenna, M., Bąbel, P., et al. (2026). ‘Free to be me?’: gender role norms constrain career interests less for lesbian, gay and bisexual people than for heterosexual people. European Journal of Social Psychology, 56(5), 903-921. https://doi.org/10.1002/EJSP.70083
dc.identifier.doi10.1002/EJSP.70083
dc.identifier.eissn1099-0992
dc.identifier.issn0046-2772
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14454/6551
dc.language.isoeng
dc.publisherJohn Wiley and Sons Ltd
dc.rights© 2026 The Author(s)
dc.subject.otherCareer interest
dc.subject.otherGender differences
dc.subject.otherGender norms
dc.subject.otherLGBTQ
dc.subject.otherQueer
dc.title‘Free to be me?’: gender role norms constrain career interests less for lesbian, gay and bisexual people than for heterosexual people.en
dc.typejournal article
dcterms.accessRightsopen access
oaire.citation.endPage921
oaire.citation.issue5
oaire.citation.startPage903
oaire.citation.titleEuropean Journal of Social Psychology
oaire.citation.volume56
oaire.licenseConditionhttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
oaire.versionVoR
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