Examinando por Autor "Schretlen, David J."

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    Age differences in cognitive performance: a study of cultural differences in Historical Context
    (John Wiley and Sons Ltd., 2016-03-01) Ojeda del Pozo, Natalia ; Aretouli, Eleni; Peña Lasa, Javier; Schretlen, David J.
    Ethnicity and cultural experience can affect neuropsychological performance, but they are rarely assessed in historical context. Attention measures are considered strongly biologically determined and therefore potentially culture-fair. In this study, we assessed the cross-cultural equivalence of Spanish and English versions of the Trail Making Test (TMT; Reitan, 1958, Perceptual and Motor Skills, 8, 271-276) and the Brief Test of Attention (BTA; Schretlen et al., 1996, The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 10, 80-89) in two large samples of Americans (N = 203) and Spaniards (N = 213), divided into younger and older subgroups. The older Spaniards lived under Franco's political regime (1936-1975), whereas the Americans never experienced such repression. Overall, TMT performance was culture-sensitive, whereas BTA performance was not. However, when both groups were stratified by age, cultural differences in TMT performance were restricted to older participants, suggesting that historical experience across generations might have contributed to the observed differences in cognitive performance. Even such basic cognitive processes as attention, working memory, and resource sharing might be shaped to some degree by historical experiences that contribute to cultural differences.
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    Altered frontal white matter asymmetry and its implications for cognition in schizophrenia: a tractography study
    (Elsevier Inc., 2019-01-01) Gómez Gastiasoro, Ainara; Zubiaurre Elorza, Leire; Peña Lasa, Javier ; Ibarretxe Bilbao, Naroa ; Rilo Cano, Oiane; Schretlen, David J. ; Ojeda del Pozo, Natalia
    Background: White matter (WM) alterations are well documented in schizophrenia. Abnormalities in interhemispheric fibers appear to account for altered WM asymmetry in the illness. However, the regional specificity (e.g., frontal versus occipital) of these alterations and their potential contribution to cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia remain unknown. Methods: Forty one patients with schizophrenia and 21 healthy controls (HC) underwent diffusion-weighted imaging on a 3 Tesla MRI machine. Tract-based spatial statistic (FSL) was used to assess whole brain differences in WM. Probabilistic tractography was performed in order to separately measure frontal and occipital WM tracts. Participants also completed tests of verbal memory and processing speed. Repeated measures analyses of covariance and Pearson correlation analyses were performed. Results: A significant group x cerebral hemisphere interaction was found for fractional anisotropy (FA) (F (1,17) = 7.03; p =.017; η p 2 = 0.29) and radial diffusivity (RD) (F (1,17) = 4.84; p =.042; η p 2 = 0.22) in the frontal tract of patients versus HC. Healthy controls showed higher mean FA and lower mean RD in the left frontal tract compared to patients, who showed the opposite pattern. In patients with schizophrenia, mean FA and RD in the right frontal tract correlated with verbal memory (r = −0.68, p =.046; r = 0.77, p =.015). Conclusions: Asymmetric WM alterations were found in a frontal tract of patients with schizophrenia. Higher mean FA in the right frontal tract correlated with worse verbal memory performance, suggesting a possible contribution these brain changes to cognitive impairment in schizophrenia.
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    Ítem
    Test UD Interferencia: creación y validación de un nuevo instrumento de resistencia a la interferencia: normalización y estandarización en población española
    (Spanish Society of Neurology, 2023-10) Sáez Atxukarro, Oihane; Pino, Rocío del; Peña Lasa, Javier; Schretlen, David J.; Ibarretxe Bilbao, Naroa; Ojeda del Pozo, Natalia
    Introducción: El test UD Interferencia evalúa la velocidad de procesamiento y la atención, y está basado en el concepto de interferencia del test de Stroop. El objetivo principal de este estudio es proporcionar una versión alternativa del test de Stroop que evite algunas de las limitaciones de versiones anteriores, relacionadas con el daltonismo y las dificultades de lectura en personas mayores, y obtener datos normativos y estandarizados para este test, adaptados a población española. Métodos: El estudio se enmarca dentro del proyecto Normacog, para el cual se evaluó a 905 participantes (18-93 años). Se analizó la fiabilidad y la validez concurrente y de constructo del test. Se analizaron el efecto de la edad, nivel educativo y sexo sobre el rendimiento en UD Interferencia y se crearon percentiles y puntuaciones escalares ajustadas por edad y nivel educativo. Resultados: El test muestra buena fiabilidad ( = 0,875) y validez concurrente (r de 0,443 a 0,725; p < 0,001) y de constructo (r de 0,472 a 0,737; p < 0,001). Se observó un efecto significativo de la edad y el nivel educativo sobre el rendimiento en UD Interferencia, explicando del 12 al 40% de la varianza. El sexo únicamente presentó un efecto significativo en la variable índice de resistencia a la interferencia. Conclusiones: Se presenta una versión alternativa del test de Stroop que presenta algunas ventajas sobre anteriores versiones. Se aportan baremos estandarizados y normalizados para población española que permiten corregir el test teniendo en cuenta la edad y educación de la persona evaluada