Examinando por Autor "Legarda Macon, Jon"

Mostrando 1 - 8 de 8
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    2 × 2 textile rectenna array with electromagnetically coupled microstrip patch antennas in the 2.4 GHz WiFi band
    (MDPI AG, 2021-06-17) López Garde, Juan Manuel ; Río Ruiz, Rubén del; Legarda Macon, Jon; Rogier, Hendrik
    The development of e-textiles is fostering research in wireless energy transmission. This paper presents a purely textile 2.4 GHz WiFi band 2 × 2 rectenna array for RF energy harvesting. It utilizes the electromagnetically coupled microstrip patch antenna topology and a simple and precise construction method that provides a good performance repeatability to create multilayer microstrip textile patch antennas. The rectifier is implemented with Schottky diodes and it takes the voltage doubling configuration. An average DC power of 1,1 mW was measured for 14 µW/cm2 of RF input power density, while the end-to-end average power conversion efficiency (PCE) measured was 31%. The characterization of the end-to-end PCE was evaluated considering the physical size of the prototype to make the comparison with other designs easier. Measurements in a real WiFi scenario were also performed, demonstrating its feasibility for feeding e-textiles.
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    Blockchain application in P2P energy markets: social and legal aspects
    (Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2022-03-08) Borges Hernández, Cruz E. ; Kapassa, Evgenia ; Touloupou, Marios ; Legarda Macon, Jon ; Casado Mansilla, Diego
    Flexible and distributed energy markets are a reality that is progressively reaching many regions. Despite their clear benefits, they should be accepted by the prosumers. Additionally, blockchain technology and smart contracts have been characterised as a technological enabler for the energy sector and P2P Energy Markets (PEM). However, little research has been done to explore blockchain's user-centred perspective. Therefore, this paper analyses the reluctance and/or concerns of prosumers regarding smart contracts, and investigates their perception on blockchain within PEMs. The authors present the results of a survey conducted across several European countries addressing the implementation of automated trading systems and analysing the adoption of smart contracts. Considering that the main survey outcomes are related to the regulation and legislation uncertainty around blockchain usage, this paper explores also the fit of smart contracts from a legal perspective. Additionally, a set of recommendations to be used as the basis for the design and development of PEMs is delivered, aiming to adopt blockchain and smart contracts. As a key take-away, the authors confirm the crucial role that blockchain will play in the deployment of fair, secure, flexible and distributed energy markets by ensuring transparency in the exchange of information between prosumers and energy stakeholders.
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    Experimental frequency tuning methodology of a cantilever piezoelectric harvester validated in a multimodal transportation
    (MDPI AG, 2020-01-01) Río Ruiz, Rubén del; Echevarría, Juan José; Eguiluz Urizar, Xabier; López Garde, Juan Manuel; Legarda Macon, Jon
    Piezoelectric energy harvesting is a promising technology that increases the autonomy of low power IoT devices in scenarios that are subjected to mechanical vibrations. This work shows the potential of this technology to power IoT devices with the energy that is harvested from vibrations occurred during air and road transportation. Adjusting the natural resonance frequency of the piezoelectric generator (PEG) to the mechanical acceleration frequency that has the highest power spectral density is key to increase the harvested energy. Therefore, in this work a commercial PEG is tuned to the best spectrogram frequency of a real vibration signal following a two-phase tuning process. The harvested power generated by the PEG has been validated in real scenarios, providing 2.4 µWh during flight (take-off, cruise flight, and landing), 11.3 µWh during truck transportation in urban areas, and 4.8 µWh during intercity transportation. The PEG has been embedded in an ultra-low power IoT device to validate how much this harvested energy can increase the autonomy in a real scenario that is subjected to similar vibrations. An NFC temperature data logger is developed for perishable products that are transported by air and road transports. The energy harvested by the PEG tuned with the methodology proposed in this work has increased the autonomy of the data logger 16.7% during a real use case of 30 h, which validates the potential of the piezoelectric energy harvesting technology to increase the autonomy of future low power IoT devices used in scenarios with aperiodic vibrations.
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    Is a massive deployment of renewable-based low voltage direct current microgrids feasible?: converters, protections, controllers, and social approach
    (Elsevier Ltd, 2022) Castillo Calzadilla, Tony; Cuesta, M. A.; Quesada Granja, Carlos; Olivares-Rodríguez, Cristian; Macarulla, Ana María; Legarda Macon, Jon; Borges Hernández, Cruz E.
    The main objective pursued by this survey is to debate the feasibility of a new distribution system in low voltage direct current (LVDC) microgrids and its impact on social development. To this end, this study provides valuable information for renewable energy planners and researchers, giving insights or solutions to reduce the transition gap between the current energy network and the future DC energy microgrids. Mainly, this article is divided into interlinking converters, protection schemes, and control systems, which have been analyzed taking into account the technical aspects of an LVDC microgrid as well as the social impact they have in poverty areas. This survey studies how low voltage DC networks can produce social welfare. In short, this paper assess social implications and technical issues, such as low inertia, grounding issues, voltage regulations, arc apparition, etc., providing a different approach to overcome these issues.
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    Is a massive deployment of renewable-based low voltage direct current microgrids feasible?: converters, protections, controllers, and social approach
    (Elsevier Ltd, 2022-09-28) Castillo Calzadilla, Tony; Cuesta, M. A. ; Quesada Granja, Carlos; Olivares-Rodríguez, Cristian; Macarulla, Ana María; Legarda Macon, Jon; Borges Hernández, Cruz E.
    The main objective pursued by this survey is to debate the feasibility of a new distribution system in low voltage direct current (LVDC) microgrids and its impact on social development. To this end, this study provides valuable information for renewable energy planners and researchers, giving insights or solutions to reduce the transition gap between the current energy network and the future DC energy microgrids. Mainly, this article is divided into interlinking converters, protection schemes, and control systems, which have been analyzed taking into account the technical aspects of an LVDC microgrid as well as the social impact they have in poverty areas. This survey studies how low voltage DC networks can produce social welfare. In short, this paper assess social implications and technical issues, such as low inertia, grounding issues, voltage regulations, arc apparition, etc., providing a different approach to overcome these issues.
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    Is it feasible a massive deployment of low voltage direct current microgrids renewable-based?: a technical and social sight
    (Elsevier Ltd, 2022-03-09) Castillo Calzadilla, Tony; Cuesta, M. A.; Olivares-Rodríguez, Cristian ; Macarulla, Ana María; Legarda Macon, Jon; Borges Hernández, Cruz E.
    The popularity of renewable energy systems has contributed significantly in the last years to the utility of low voltage direct current microgrids. However, these systems come with new challenges. This survey focuses on introducing a state-of-the-art low voltage direct current distribution system and sheds light on the challenges that must be faced in order to complete energy transition. This literature review was systematically carried out using the two largest scientific databases (SCOPUS and WOS) where the query (low voltage direct current microgrid) resulted in 198 articles. The purpose of this paper is not to reiterate the comparison of direct current with alternating current systems, which has already been discussed extensively. Instead, the objective of this survey is to assess the feasibility of the low voltage direct current distribution system and its impact on social development. To this end, this work provides valuable information for renewable energy planners, giving some insights or solutions to bridge the gap between the current energy network and the future DC energy microgrids. In particular, this article focuses on parameters such as grid topologies, distribution and voltage standardization efforts. The three major findings are: (i) the off-grid solutions enhance the efficiency rate in energy facilities (from 15% to 30%), and the vast majority of them are supported with energy storage systems to increase their reliability. However, in economic terms the most suitable systems still are the grid-connected solutions. Another finding is that (ii) the bus configurations are most used as well as the best in terms of their effectiveness to distribute low voltage and direct current energy within the microgrid. Lastly, (iii) the voltage value standardization around 48 V and 380 V, and even though there seems to be a clear convergence between them, the lack of agreement is delaying the massive implementation of these solutions worldwide. Finally, a novel assessment of social impacts and reflections on low voltage direct current microgrids is also included.
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    Planar textile off-body communication antennas: a survey
    (MDPI AG, 2019-06-24) Río Ruiz, Rubén del ; López Garde, Juan Manuel; Legarda Macon, Jon
    Fully textile smart wearables will be the result of the complete integration and miniaturization of electronics and textile materials. Off-body communications are key for connecting smart wearables with external devices, even for wireless power transfer or energy harvesting. They need to fulfill specific electromagnetic (EM) (impedance bandwidth (BW), gain, efficiency, and front to back radiation (FTBR)) and mechanical (bending, crumpling, compression, washing and ironing) requirements so that the smart wearable device provides the required performance. Therefore, textile and flexible antennas require a proper trade-off between materials, antenna topologies, construction techniques, and EM and mechanical performances. This review shows the latest research works for textile and flexible planar, fully grounded antennas for off-body communications, providing a novel design guide that relates key antenna performance parameters versus topologies, feeding techniques, conductive and dielectric textile materials, as well as the behavior under diverse measurement conditions.
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    A taxonomy of food supply chain problems from a computational intelligence perspective
    (MDPI, 2021-10-18) Angarita Zapata, Juan S. ; Alonso Vicario, Ainhoa; Masegosa Arredondo, Antonio David ; Legarda Macon, Jon
    In the last few years, the Internet of Things, and other enabling technologies, have been progressively used for digitizing Food Supply Chains (FSC). These and other digitalization-enabling technologies are generating a massive amount of data with enormous potential to manage supply chains more efficiently and sustainably. Nevertheless, the intricate patterns and complexity embedded in large volumes of data present a challenge for systematic human expert analysis. In such a datadriven context, Computational Intelligence (CI) has achieved significant momentum to analyze, mine, and extract the underlying data information, or solve complex optimization problems, striking a balance between productive efficiency and sustainability of food supply systems. Although some recent studies have sorted the CI literature in this field, they are mainly oriented towards a single family of CI methods (a group of methods that share common characteristics) and review their application in specific FSC stages. As such, there is a gap in identifying and classifying FSC problems from a broader perspective, encompassing the various families of CI methods that can be applied in different stages (from production to retailing) and identifying the problems that arise in these stages from a CI perspective. This paper presents a new and comprehensive taxonomy of FSC problems (associated with agriculture, fish farming, and livestock) from a CI approach; that is, it defines FSC problems (from production to retail) and categorizes them based on how they can be modeled from a CI point of view. Furthermore, we review the CI approaches that are more commonly used in each stage of the FSC and in their corresponding categories of problems. We also introduce a set of guidelines to help FSC researchers and practitioners to decide on suitable families of methods when addressing any particular problems they might encounter. Finally, based on the proposed taxonomy, we identify and discuss challenges and research opportunities that the community should explore to enhance the contributions that CI can bring to the digitization of the FSC.