Examinando por Autor "Cayero Alcorta, Ruth"

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  • Miniatura
    Ítem
    Analysis of physical demands in four tug of World Indoor Championships (2010–2016)
    (MDPI, 2022-04-17) Cayero Alcorta, Ruth; Zubillaga Zubiaga, Asier; Rocandio Cilveti, Valentin; Castañeda Babarro, Arkaitz ; Refoyo, Ignacio; Calleja González, Julio ; Martínez de Aldama Ortúzar, Inmaculada
    Tug-of-war (TOW) is one of the oldest sports in current existence and is an internationally played activity that includes professional and amateur sport athletes, played according to the rules laid out by the Tug of War International Federation (TWIF). In this type of competition, the two teams of eight members each pull against one another on a rope. The team that pulls the opposing team towards a centerline for a distance of 4 m in two pulls out of three is considered the winning team in an international competition. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, no previous scientific articles have described data during a follow-up period of Championships in TOW. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to analyze the duration of the matches, differentiating between the first (T1) and second pull (T2) of each match. The pulls were compared in the qualification point phase and the final phase, as well as in each weight category. In addition, any differences between the statistics for each of the four World Championships studied were analyzed. Finally, the total volume of pulls in each weight category was studied, both in the open club competition and in the national team competition. Data were collected from four World Indoor Championships (2010–2016). A total of 1862 matches were registered (3724 pulls), differentiating the first (T1) and second (T2) pull. The data were expressed as means (M) ± standard deviations (SD). Results: (1) The second pull is shorter than the first: T1 < T2, p < 0.001, (Es = 0.452; small effect); (2) T1 and T2 times were longer in the final phase than the qualifying phase: T1 phase2 > T1 phase1, p < 0.05 (ES = 0.469; small effect) and T2 phase2 > T2 phase1, (p < 0.05), (ES = 0.486; small effect); (3) there are statistical differences (p < 0.005) in T1 and T2 at all weights, except for T1 at 500 kg and T2 at 640 kg; (4) the comparison among World Championships does not present significant changes in the duration of the pulls; (5) however, in females, significant differences (p < 0.05) between the 2010 World Championships and the remainder in T1 are observed; (6) the volumes that we should take into account when designing the preparation should be those obtained when 11 teams compete against each other, considering the maximum volume that we could find in the competition. Conclusion: This first aspect of the reality of TOW indoor competitions, specifically the duration of the matches, leads to a better understanding of the demands of the sport and the type of effort required. These ideas may help coaches in the design of training plans, maximizing their specificity and their effectiveness.
  • Miniatura
    Ítem
    Analysis of tug of war competition: a narrative complete review
    (MDPI, 2022-01) Cayero Alcorta, Ruth; Rocandio Cilveti, Valentin; Zubillaga Zubiaga, Asier; Refoyo, Ignacio; Calleja González, Julio; Castañeda Babarro, Arkaitz; Martínez de Aldama Ortúzar, Inmaculada
    Tug-of-war (TOW) is an internationally played activity including professional and amateur athletes, defined as early as 4000 years ago (as a rope-less version) in the artwork on Egyptian tomb engravings, and is played as per the rules laid out by TWIF, which has 73 member countries and administrative headquarters in the USA. Typically, two teams of “pullers” participate and apply enormous contra directional forces on the pulling rope. Originally, two types of competition are used: knockout and points. This narrative review describes the scientific state of the art of TOW. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, no previous information has been published on this topic. Anthropometric parameters for competitors are near 83.6, lean body mass 69.4, and body fat 16. The VO2MAX is 55.8 mL/kg/min. In terms of relative strength, the dynamic leg power is 4659.8 N. Endurance TOW elicits minimal muscle damage. Injured strains and sprains comprised over half of all injuries: back (42%), shoulder–upper limb (23%) and knee (17%). Pulling movement in TOW contests can be divided into three phases, namely the “drop”, “hold” and “drive” phases. The maximal pulling force was 1041.6 ± 123.9 N. The percentage of dynamic pulling force in the static maximal pulling force was 75.5 ± 14.4% and the dynamic ranged from 106.4 to 182.5%. There are two gripping styles: indoor and outdoor. The friction characteristics between surface and shoe in TOW is important in determining a suitable shoe for indoor TOW. A waist belt might be a useful piece of equipment for TOW sport. The EMG technique in TOW entails a high degree of dorsal muscle activity during the pulling. The factor of force vanishing was the coordination among athletes. The force vanishing percentage goes from 8.82 ± 5.59 for two contenders to 19.74 ± 2.22 for eight athletes, 6.4% in the sum of two pullers. However, in the drop phase, for female elite TOW team, only the 0.5% of the pulling force was wasted. Future studies are need in order to understand better this historical sport activity.
  • Miniatura
    Ítem
    Assessment of tug of war pullers’ competition intensity and physiological response at the 2019 European Championship
    (Federación Española de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educación Física (FEADEF), 2022-04-01) Castañeda Babarro, Arkaitz; Gutiérrez Santamaría, Borja; Coca Núñez, Aitor; Calleja González, Julio; Cayero Alcorta, Ruth
    Tug of war (TOW) involves 2 teams of eight people, pulling against each other on a rope. The main goal of TOW is to pull the opposing team towards a centre line over a distance of 4 m. The measurement of physiological parameters is key to understanding the demands of an activity and to identifying its limiting performance factors. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the intensity and effort demands of TOW pullers during competition, as follows: Data were collected from 7 male pullers (Height: 175.14±4.85; Body Mass: 77.39±3.92; Age: 39.86±11.68; %Fat: 17.56±5.21; VO2max: 44.24±8.38) in the 560 kg category. The blood lactate concentrations (LAC) were assessed before and at the end of each pull, and the global rating of perceived exertion (RPE) at the end of the pulls. The following week, pullers performed a graded exercise test (GXT). Heart rate, LAC and RPE were assessed before, during and at the end of the GXT to calculate the individual anaerobic threshold. The mean blood lactate concentrations recorded at the end of the pulls (6±1.9 mmol/l) were 32% higher than the mean values recorded for the individual anaerobic threshold intensity (4.1±0.5 mmol/l). For their part, the mean RPE values of athletes after the pulls (6±1.5 mmol/l) were 21% lower than those obtained for intensity of the individual anaerobic threshold (7.6±0.8 mmol/l). The intensity and effort response are greater and kept above the anaerobic threshold during the competition in TOW pullers.
  • Miniatura
    Ítem
    Kinematic differences between indoor and outdoor tug of war: a single case study
    (Universidad de Extremadura, Servicio de Publicaciones, 2023-12-22) Castañeda Babarro, Arkaitz ; Calleja González, Julio ; Zubillaga Zubiaga, Asier; Martínez de Aguirre Betolaza, Aitor ; Cayero Alcorta, Ruth
    The tug of war (TOW) is a sport with a high physical and technical demand. Very few investigations have been carried out on the biomechanics of TOW and all of them in the indoor modality. The main objective of this study isto describe and differentiate the kinematics of indoor and outdoor TOW. An experienced puller was recorded in two world championships of the two modalities in consecutive years. Although the position of the hands on the rope, the arms and the inclination of the body are similar, important differences were registered both in the lower body and in the position of the body, with both shoulders and hips forward in the case of the indoor modality and with the hip and left shoulder forward in the outdoor modality. This research evidences the different techniques used in the two modalities of TOW and their possible relationship both with the risk of injury to some parts of the body, and with the greater demands of these parts.