Salaberria Larrauri, ItziarPerallos Ruiz, AsierAzpilicueta Fernández de las Heras, LeyreFalcone, FranciscoCarballedo Morillo, RobertoAngulo Martínez, IgnacioElejoste Larrucea, Maria PilarBahillo, AlfonsoAstrain Escola, José JavierVilladangos Alonso, Jesús2026-04-202026-04-202014-05-05Salaberria, I., Perallos, A., Azpilicueta, L., Falcone, F., Carballedo, R., Angulo, I., Elejoste, P., Bahillo, A., Astrain, J. J., & Villadangos, J. (2014). Ubiquitous connected train based on train-to-ground and intra-wagon communications capable of providing on trip customized digital services for passengers. Sensors (Switzerland), 14(5), 8003-8025. https://doi.org/10.3390/S1405080031424-822010.3390/S140508003https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14454/5702During the last years, the application of different wireless technologies has been explored in order to enable Internet connectivity from vehicles. In addition, the widespread adoption of smartphones by citizens represents a great opportunity to integrate such nomadic devices inside vehicles in order to provide new and personalized on trip services for passengers. In this paper, a proposal of communication architecture to provide the ubiquitous connectivity needed to enhance the smart train concept is presented and preliminarily tested. It combines an intra-wagon communication system based on nomadic devices connected through a Bluetooth Piconet Network with a highly innovative train-to-ground communication system. In order to validate this communication solution, several tests and simulations have been performed and their results are described in this paper. © 2014 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.eng© 2014 by the authorsSmart trainUbiquitous communicationsBluetooth piconet networkTrain-to-ground communicationContext-aware servicesjournal article2026-04-20